Research Article
The Role of Social Networks in Creating and Developing Ethnic Enterprises: The Turkish Entrepreneurs in Germany
Abstract
The main topic of this study is to determine how and to what extent ethnic entrepreneurs utilize social networks
to establish and develop their enterprises. Turkish entrepreneurs working in Doner producing and selling
sector in Germany compromise the sample of this study. Face to face and in-dept interviews were held with 15
Turkish entrepreneurs. The findings of the study emphasize the critical role of personal networks of Turkish
entrepreneurs in establishing and developing their enterprises.
References
- Abadan-Unat, N. (2002). Bitmeyen Göç: Konuk İşçiAbadan- Unat, N. (2002). Bitmeyen Göç: Konuk İşçilikten Ulus Ötesi Yurttaşlığa, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul. Aldrich, H., ve Zimmer, C. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks. In D. Sexton & R. W. Smilor (Eds.), Art and Science of Entrepreneurship (pp. 3–23). New York, NY: Ballinger Publishing Company. Aldrich, H.E. ve Waldinger, R. (1990). Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship, Annual Review of Sociology, 16(1), 111-135 Anderson, A.R., & Jack, S.L. (2002). The articulation of entrepreneurial social capital: content and process. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 14(3), 193–210. Assudani, R.H. (2009) Ethnic Entrepreneurship: The Distinct Role of Ties. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 22, 197-206. Avrupa Türk Döner İmalatçıları Birliği (2014). İşte Bilgi, Temmuz, 24, 06-06. Aydın, Y. (2016). “The Germany Turkey Migration Corridor: Refitting Policies for a Transnational Age”, Migration Policy Institute Report, February, Washington DC. Bagwell, S. (2008). “Transnational Family Networks and ethnic minority business development”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 14(6), 377-394. Basu, A. ve Altınay, E. (2002). The interaction between culture and enterpreneurship in London’s immigrant businesses, International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 20(4), 371-393. Bilecen, B. (2013). Avrupa’daki Türkiyeli Göçmenlerin Ulusaşırı Aile Ağları, Sosyoloji Dergisi, 3. Dizi, 27. Sayı, 2013/2, 235-250. Birley, S. (1985). The role of networks in the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 1(1), 107–117. Bonacich, E., (1973), “A theory of middlemen minorities”, American Sociological Review, 37: pp 583-594. Boz, H.(2008), “Etnik Girişimcilik-Almanya’da Faaliyet Gösteren Türk Kökenli Girişimciler” , Akdeniz Üniversitesi Avrupa Birliği Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (AKVAM) Yayınları. Antalya. Brass, D.C., Butterfield, K.D. & Skaggs, B.C. (1998). Relationships and unethical behavior: A social network perspective The Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 14-31. Burt, R.S. (1995). Structural Holes: The Social Structural of Competition, Harvard University Press. Burton, M. D., Sørensen, J. B. ve Beckman, C. M. (2002). Coming from good stock: Career histories and new venture formation. Cornell University, ILR School site: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/ articles/250/ Erişim tarihi: Temmuz 2017 Bruderl, J., ve Preisendorfer, P. (1998). Network support and the success of newly founded businesses. Small Business Economics,10, 213–225. Chand, M. Ve Ghorbani, M (2011). National culture, networks, ethnic entrepreneurship: A comparison of the Indian and Chinese immigrants in the US, International Business Review, 20, 593-606. Constant, A., Shachmurove, Y., ve Zimmermann, K.F., (2003). What makes an Entrepreneur and does it pay ? Native Men, Turks, and other Migrants in Germany, German Institute for Economic Research, Discussion Paper 386, Berlin. Constant, A. F.; Zimmermann, K. F. (2004) :Self-Employment Dynamics Across the Business Cycle: Migrants Versus Natives, IZA Discussion paper series, No. 1386. Deakins, D., Ishaq, M., Smallbone, D., Whittam, G. ve Wyper, J. (2007) Ethnic minority businesses in Scotland and the role of social capital. International Small Business Journal, 25(3), 307-326. Sayfa | 14 Nuray ATSAN / Etnik Girişimlerin Doğuşu ve Gelişiminde Sosyal Ağların Rolü Deutches Welle Türkçe (2017). http://www.dw. com/tr/almanyada-gocmen-sayısında-rekor-artıs/ a-39918203. Erişim tarihi 01.08.2017. Doen, M. L., Gorter, C., Nijkamp, P., ve Rietveld, P. (1999). Ethnic entrepreneurship and migration: a survey from developing countries. In S. Bhagwan Dahiya (Ed.), The Current State of Economic Science (pp. 2317-2333). Rohtak/India: Spellbound Publications. Dufays, F., ve Huybrechts, B. (2014). Connecting the Dots for Social Value: A Review on Social Networks and Social Entrepreneurship, Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 214-237. Fadahunsi, A., Smallbone, D. ve Supri, S. (2000), “Networking and ethnic minority enterprise development: insights from a North London study”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 7(3), 228 – 240. Gitmez, A. ve Wilpert, C. (1987) A Micro-Society or an Ethnic Community? Social Organization and Ethnicity amongst Turkish Migrants in Berlin,” in Immigrant Associations in Europe, ed. John Rex, D. Joly, and C. Wilpert (Gower, England: Aldershot). Granovetter, M. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties, American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-1379. Greve, A., & Salaff, J.W. (2003). Social networks and entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), 1-22. Hoang, H., & Antoncic, B. (2003). Network-based Research in Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2), 165-187. İbrahim, G. ve Galt, V. (2011). Explaining ethnic entrepreneurship: An evolutionary economics approach, International Business Review, 20, 607-613. Jenssen, J.I., & Koenig, H.F. (2002). The effect of social networks on resource access and business startups, European Planning Studies, 10(8),1039–1046. Johannisson, B. (2000). Networking and entrepreneurial growth. In D. L. Sexton & H. Landström (Eds.), The Blackwell Handbook of Entrepreneurship (pp.368-386). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Klyver, K., & Hindle, K. (2007). The role of social networks at different stages of business formation. Small Enterprise Research, 15(1), 22-38. Leyden, D.P., Link, A.N. ve Siegel, D.S. (2013). A theoretical analysis of the role of social Networks in entrepreneurship, The University of North Carolina, Department of Economics Working Paper Series, 13-22. Retrieved July 2017 from http://bryan.uncg. edu/assets/research/econwp/2013/13-22.pdf. McMillan, I.C. (1983). The politics of new venture management. Harvard Business Review, 61(6), 8-16. Mohring, M. (2014), Uzman Görüşü, İşte Bilgi, Özel Sayı, Temmuz 2014, 6-9. Ostgaard, T.A ve Birley, S. (1996). “New Venture Growth and Personal Networks”, Journal of Business Research, 36, 37-50. Özer, F. (2016). Kapalı ve güçlü bağlara dayalı sosyal sermayede değişim: Türkiye örgütsel yaşamında İslami sosyal sermayenin yapısal evrimi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Pecoud, A. (2002). ‘Weltoffenheit schafft Jobs’: Turkish Entrepreneurship and Multiculturalism in Berlin, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26(3), 494-507. Peltier, W., & Naidu, G. M. (2012). Social networks across the SME organizational lifecycle. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 19(1), 56-73. Podolny, J.M. (2001). Networks as the Pipes and Prisms of the Market, American Journal of Sociology 60-33 ,1 ,107. Portes, A.; Sensenbrenner, J. (1993): Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the social determinants of economic action, American Journal of Sociology, 98, 1320 – 1350. Pütz, R., Schreiber, V. ve Welpe., I. (2007). Ethnicity, gender and entrepreneurship: Turkish entrepreneurs in Germany, In Handbook of research on ethnic minority entrepreneurship. A co-evolutionary view on resource management, Publisher: Elgar, Editors: Leo Paul Dana 488-510. Sayfa | 15 AKSARAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ İİBF DERGİSİ | Mayıs 2017 - Cilt 9 - Sayı 2 Ram, M. (1994). “Unravelling Social Networks in Ethnic Minority Firms”, International Small Business Journal, 12(3), 42-53. Ram, M. ve T. Jones (1998) Ethnic Minorities in Business. Milton Keynes, UK: Small Business Research Trust. Salaff, J.W., A. Greve, S-L. Wong, ve L.X. Li Ping. (2003). Ethnic entrepreneurship, social networks, and the enclave. In Approaching transnationalism: Transnational societies, multicultural contacts, and imaginings of home, ed. B. Yeoh, T.C. Kiong and M.W. Charney, 61–82. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Senik, C. ve Verdier, T. (2008) “Entrepreneurs, social networks and work values of ethnic minorities in France”, International Journal of Manpower, 29(7), pp.610-629 Smith-Doerr, L. ve W.W. Powell (2005). “Networks and Economic Life” In the handbook of economic Sociology, edited by N.J. Smelser and R.Swedberg, 379-402. New York. Russel-Sage Foundation. Suddaby, R., Bruton G.D. ve Steven, X.Si. (2014). Entrepreneurship through a qualitative lens: Insights on the construction and/or discovery of entrepreneurial opportunity. Journal of Business Venturing, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.09.003. Türkiye Araştırmalar Merkezi (2012). Tolciu, A., Schaland, A. ve El-Cherkeh, T. (2010). Migrant Entrepreneurship in Hamburg: Results from a Qualitative Study with Turkish Entrepreneurs, HWWI Research Paper, No. 3-22. Uzzi, B. (1996). The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect. American Sociological Review, 61, 674-698. Valdez, Z.(2008). The effect of social capital on White, Korean, Mexican and Black business owners’ earnings in the US. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34(6), 955–971. Waldinger, R., H. Aldrich ve R. Ward (1990), ‘Opportunities, group characteristics and strategies’, in R. Waldinger, H. Aldrich and R. Ward (eds), Ethnic Entrepreneurs: Immigrant Business in Industrial Societies, London: Sage, pp. 13–48. Witt, P., Schroeter A. ve Merz, C. (2008). “Entrepreneurial resource acquisition via personal networks: An emprical study of German startups., The Service Industries Journal, 28(7), 953-971.
Year 2017,
Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 1 - 16, 30.04.2017
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın temel konusu, etnik girişimcilerin işletmelerini kurmada ve büyütmede sosyal ağlarından nasıl
ve ne ölçüde yararlandıklarıdır. Çalışmanın örneklemini Almanya’da dönercilik sektöründe faaliyet gösteren
Türk girişimciler oluşturmuştur. 15 Türk girişimci ile yüz yüze, derinlemesine mülakatlar yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın
bulguları, Türk girişimcilerin işletme kurma kararını vermede ve işlerini yürütmelerinde, sahip oldukları
kişisel ağların kritik rolünü vurgulamaktadır.
References
- Abadan-Unat, N. (2002). Bitmeyen Göç: Konuk İşçiAbadan- Unat, N. (2002). Bitmeyen Göç: Konuk İşçilikten Ulus Ötesi Yurttaşlığa, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul. Aldrich, H., ve Zimmer, C. (1986). Entrepreneurship through social networks. In D. Sexton & R. W. Smilor (Eds.), Art and Science of Entrepreneurship (pp. 3–23). New York, NY: Ballinger Publishing Company. Aldrich, H.E. ve Waldinger, R. (1990). Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship, Annual Review of Sociology, 16(1), 111-135 Anderson, A.R., & Jack, S.L. (2002). The articulation of entrepreneurial social capital: content and process. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 14(3), 193–210. Assudani, R.H. (2009) Ethnic Entrepreneurship: The Distinct Role of Ties. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 22, 197-206. Avrupa Türk Döner İmalatçıları Birliği (2014). İşte Bilgi, Temmuz, 24, 06-06. Aydın, Y. (2016). “The Germany Turkey Migration Corridor: Refitting Policies for a Transnational Age”, Migration Policy Institute Report, February, Washington DC. Bagwell, S. (2008). “Transnational Family Networks and ethnic minority business development”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 14(6), 377-394. Basu, A. ve Altınay, E. (2002). The interaction between culture and enterpreneurship in London’s immigrant businesses, International Small Business Journal: Researching Entrepreneurship, 20(4), 371-393. Bilecen, B. (2013). Avrupa’daki Türkiyeli Göçmenlerin Ulusaşırı Aile Ağları, Sosyoloji Dergisi, 3. Dizi, 27. Sayı, 2013/2, 235-250. Birley, S. (1985). The role of networks in the entrepreneurial process. Journal of Business Venturing, 1(1), 107–117. Bonacich, E., (1973), “A theory of middlemen minorities”, American Sociological Review, 37: pp 583-594. Boz, H.(2008), “Etnik Girişimcilik-Almanya’da Faaliyet Gösteren Türk Kökenli Girişimciler” , Akdeniz Üniversitesi Avrupa Birliği Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi (AKVAM) Yayınları. Antalya. Brass, D.C., Butterfield, K.D. & Skaggs, B.C. (1998). Relationships and unethical behavior: A social network perspective The Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 14-31. Burt, R.S. (1995). Structural Holes: The Social Structural of Competition, Harvard University Press. Burton, M. D., Sørensen, J. B. ve Beckman, C. M. (2002). Coming from good stock: Career histories and new venture formation. Cornell University, ILR School site: http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/ articles/250/ Erişim tarihi: Temmuz 2017 Bruderl, J., ve Preisendorfer, P. (1998). Network support and the success of newly founded businesses. Small Business Economics,10, 213–225. Chand, M. Ve Ghorbani, M (2011). National culture, networks, ethnic entrepreneurship: A comparison of the Indian and Chinese immigrants in the US, International Business Review, 20, 593-606. Constant, A., Shachmurove, Y., ve Zimmermann, K.F., (2003). What makes an Entrepreneur and does it pay ? Native Men, Turks, and other Migrants in Germany, German Institute for Economic Research, Discussion Paper 386, Berlin. Constant, A. F.; Zimmermann, K. F. (2004) :Self-Employment Dynamics Across the Business Cycle: Migrants Versus Natives, IZA Discussion paper series, No. 1386. Deakins, D., Ishaq, M., Smallbone, D., Whittam, G. ve Wyper, J. (2007) Ethnic minority businesses in Scotland and the role of social capital. International Small Business Journal, 25(3), 307-326. Sayfa | 14 Nuray ATSAN / Etnik Girişimlerin Doğuşu ve Gelişiminde Sosyal Ağların Rolü Deutches Welle Türkçe (2017). http://www.dw. com/tr/almanyada-gocmen-sayısında-rekor-artıs/ a-39918203. Erişim tarihi 01.08.2017. Doen, M. L., Gorter, C., Nijkamp, P., ve Rietveld, P. (1999). Ethnic entrepreneurship and migration: a survey from developing countries. In S. Bhagwan Dahiya (Ed.), The Current State of Economic Science (pp. 2317-2333). Rohtak/India: Spellbound Publications. Dufays, F., ve Huybrechts, B. (2014). Connecting the Dots for Social Value: A Review on Social Networks and Social Entrepreneurship, Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 5(2), 214-237. Fadahunsi, A., Smallbone, D. ve Supri, S. (2000), “Networking and ethnic minority enterprise development: insights from a North London study”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 7(3), 228 – 240. Gitmez, A. ve Wilpert, C. (1987) A Micro-Society or an Ethnic Community? Social Organization and Ethnicity amongst Turkish Migrants in Berlin,” in Immigrant Associations in Europe, ed. John Rex, D. Joly, and C. Wilpert (Gower, England: Aldershot). Granovetter, M. (1973). The Strength of Weak Ties, American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-1379. Greve, A., & Salaff, J.W. (2003). Social networks and entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), 1-22. Hoang, H., & Antoncic, B. (2003). Network-based Research in Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2), 165-187. İbrahim, G. ve Galt, V. (2011). Explaining ethnic entrepreneurship: An evolutionary economics approach, International Business Review, 20, 607-613. Jenssen, J.I., & Koenig, H.F. (2002). The effect of social networks on resource access and business startups, European Planning Studies, 10(8),1039–1046. Johannisson, B. (2000). Networking and entrepreneurial growth. In D. L. Sexton & H. Landström (Eds.), The Blackwell Handbook of Entrepreneurship (pp.368-386). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Klyver, K., & Hindle, K. (2007). The role of social networks at different stages of business formation. Small Enterprise Research, 15(1), 22-38. Leyden, D.P., Link, A.N. ve Siegel, D.S. (2013). A theoretical analysis of the role of social Networks in entrepreneurship, The University of North Carolina, Department of Economics Working Paper Series, 13-22. Retrieved July 2017 from http://bryan.uncg. edu/assets/research/econwp/2013/13-22.pdf. McMillan, I.C. (1983). The politics of new venture management. Harvard Business Review, 61(6), 8-16. Mohring, M. (2014), Uzman Görüşü, İşte Bilgi, Özel Sayı, Temmuz 2014, 6-9. Ostgaard, T.A ve Birley, S. (1996). “New Venture Growth and Personal Networks”, Journal of Business Research, 36, 37-50. Özer, F. (2016). Kapalı ve güçlü bağlara dayalı sosyal sermayede değişim: Türkiye örgütsel yaşamında İslami sosyal sermayenin yapısal evrimi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Pecoud, A. (2002). ‘Weltoffenheit schafft Jobs’: Turkish Entrepreneurship and Multiculturalism in Berlin, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26(3), 494-507. Peltier, W., & Naidu, G. M. (2012). Social networks across the SME organizational lifecycle. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 19(1), 56-73. Podolny, J.M. (2001). Networks as the Pipes and Prisms of the Market, American Journal of Sociology 60-33 ,1 ,107. Portes, A.; Sensenbrenner, J. (1993): Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the social determinants of economic action, American Journal of Sociology, 98, 1320 – 1350. Pütz, R., Schreiber, V. ve Welpe., I. (2007). Ethnicity, gender and entrepreneurship: Turkish entrepreneurs in Germany, In Handbook of research on ethnic minority entrepreneurship. A co-evolutionary view on resource management, Publisher: Elgar, Editors: Leo Paul Dana 488-510. Sayfa | 15 AKSARAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ İİBF DERGİSİ | Mayıs 2017 - Cilt 9 - Sayı 2 Ram, M. (1994). “Unravelling Social Networks in Ethnic Minority Firms”, International Small Business Journal, 12(3), 42-53. Ram, M. ve T. Jones (1998) Ethnic Minorities in Business. Milton Keynes, UK: Small Business Research Trust. Salaff, J.W., A. Greve, S-L. Wong, ve L.X. Li Ping. (2003). Ethnic entrepreneurship, social networks, and the enclave. In Approaching transnationalism: Transnational societies, multicultural contacts, and imaginings of home, ed. B. Yeoh, T.C. Kiong and M.W. Charney, 61–82. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Senik, C. ve Verdier, T. (2008) “Entrepreneurs, social networks and work values of ethnic minorities in France”, International Journal of Manpower, 29(7), pp.610-629 Smith-Doerr, L. ve W.W. Powell (2005). “Networks and Economic Life” In the handbook of economic Sociology, edited by N.J. Smelser and R.Swedberg, 379-402. New York. Russel-Sage Foundation. Suddaby, R., Bruton G.D. ve Steven, X.Si. (2014). Entrepreneurship through a qualitative lens: Insights on the construction and/or discovery of entrepreneurial opportunity. Journal of Business Venturing, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.09.003. Türkiye Araştırmalar Merkezi (2012). Tolciu, A., Schaland, A. ve El-Cherkeh, T. (2010). Migrant Entrepreneurship in Hamburg: Results from a Qualitative Study with Turkish Entrepreneurs, HWWI Research Paper, No. 3-22. Uzzi, B. (1996). The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect. American Sociological Review, 61, 674-698. Valdez, Z.(2008). The effect of social capital on White, Korean, Mexican and Black business owners’ earnings in the US. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34(6), 955–971. Waldinger, R., H. Aldrich ve R. Ward (1990), ‘Opportunities, group characteristics and strategies’, in R. Waldinger, H. Aldrich and R. Ward (eds), Ethnic Entrepreneurs: Immigrant Business in Industrial Societies, London: Sage, pp. 13–48. Witt, P., Schroeter A. ve Merz, C. (2008). “Entrepreneurial resource acquisition via personal networks: An emprical study of German startups., The Service Industries Journal, 28(7), 953-971.
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Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Review Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 30, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017Volume: 9 Issue: 2 |
