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Fas’ın Yerel Yönetim Politikalarının Batı Sahra’nın Self-Determinasyonu İle Sınavı

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 9 - 22, 28.06.2019

Ceren Gürseler

Öz

Fas rejimi, yerel yönetim politikalarını
ve söylemini bir yandan Batı Sahra sorununun self-determinasyonun iç
seçenekleri ile çözülmesi kapsamında ele alınırken diğer yandan ülkenin geri
kalanı için modernleşme ve kalkınma hedeflerine yönelik bir araç, reform olarak
sunmaktadır. Batı Sahra için özerkliği gündeme getirmektedir fakat Rabat bunu
yaparken reformun salt adı geçen bölgeye özgü olmadığını göstermektedir. Fas’ta
bölgeselleşme, ileri bölgeselleşme, ademimerkeziyetçilik gibi yerel yönetim
politikaları bir reform sürecini oluşturmaktadır. Halktan gelen talep ya da demokratikleşme
amacından ziyade daha çok Batı Sahra sorununu bağımsızlıkla çözülmesini
engellemek için yerel yönetim politikaları gündemde tutulmaktadır. Süreç, yeni
reform dalgalarıyla devam etmektedir. Fakat bu değişiklikler, yenilikler Batı
Sahra sorununun çözümü ve ülkenin geri kalanın modernleşmesi için yeterli ve
kapsamlı değildir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Fas Batı Sahra yerel yönetim reform self-determinasyon

Kaynakça

  • Akyılmaz, B. (2000). “Mahalli İdarelerde Özerkliğe Yönelik Tehditler ve Merkezileşme Eğilimleri”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 8 (1-2), 141-159.
  • Aleman,E. ve Treisman, D. (2005). “Chapter 8: Fiscal Politics in ‘Ethnically Mined’, Developing, Federal States: Central Strategies and Secessionist Violence”, in Philip G. Roeder and Donald S. Rothchild (eds.), Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy After Civil Wars, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 116-165.
  • Belal, Y. (2008). “Présentation, Le Projet d’Autonomie de la Région du Sahara”, Autonomie et Régionalisation, Le Cercle d’Analyse Politique, No. 11, Avril
  • Ben-Meir, Y. (2010). “Morocco’s Regionalization ‘Roadmap’ and the Western Sahara”, International Journal on World Peace, 27(2),63-86.
  • Bergh, S. I. (2016). Public Sector Governance Reforms and ‘Advanced Regionalization’ in Morocco: What Role for the European Union, EUI Working Papers RSCAS 2016/56,1-19.
  • Bhatia, M. (2001). “The Western Sahara under Polisario Control”, Review of African Political Economy, 28 (88), 291-298.
  • Clark, R.S. (2007). “Chapter 4: Western Sahara and the United Nations Norms on Self-Determination and Aggression”, in K. Arts, P. P. Leite (eds.), International Law and the Question of Western Sahara, Leiden,http://ebookbrowsee.net/roger-s-clark-western-sahara-and-the-united-nations-norms-on-self-determination-and-aggression-pdf-d260408437, son olarak 21 Ekim 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir
  • Çiner, C. U. (2010). “Devlet Reformunda Yerelleşme ve Bölgeselleşme Üzerine”, Memleket Siyaset Yönetim, 5(12), 168-180.
  • El- Messaoudi, A. (2008). “L’Actualité d’un Débat: La Note de Travail”, Autonomie et Régionalisation, Le Cercle d’Analyse Politique, No. 11, Avril.
  • Epstein, P.(2009). “Behind Closed Doors: ‘Autonomous Colonization in Post United Nations Era – The Case for Western Sahara”, Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law, 15(1), 107-143.
  • Finaud, M.(2009). “Can Autonomy Fulfill the Right to Self-Determination?”, GCSP Geneva Paper, 12(6).
  • Gözler, K. ve Kaplan, G. (2018). Kısa İdare Hukuku, Ekin Yayınevi, Bursa.
  • Houdret,A. veHarnisch, A. (2017). Decentralisation in Morocco: The Current Reform and Its Possible Contribution to Political Liberalisation, Discussion Paper/ Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, Bonn, 1-40.
  • Hodges, T.(1983). “The Origins of Sahrawi Nationalism”, Third World Quarterly, 5(1), 28-57.
  • Hughes, A. (2004). “Decolonizing Africa: Colonial Boundaries and the Crisis of the (non) Nation State”, Diplomacy and Statecraft,15(4), 833-866.
  • Jafari, M. ve El-Moujaddidi, (2016). “La Régionalisation Avencée au Maroc: Perspectives et Défis”, Revue Organisation et Territoire, No. 2. Karakılçık, Y. (2016). Yeni Yerel-Bölgesel Gelişmeler Işığında Yerel Yönetimler, Seçkin Yayınevi, Ankara, 2016.
  • Keleş, R. (1998). Yerinden Yönetim ve Siyaset, Cem Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Keleş, R. ve Mengi, A. (2013).Avrupa Birliği’nin Bölge Politikaları, İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi.
  • Khakee, A. (2011). The Western Saharan Autonomy Proposal and Political Reform in Morocco, Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center, 1-12.
  • King Mohammed VI. (2014). “The Best Token of Loyalty to the Architect of the Green March”, Vital Speeches International, 343-346.
  • Kumar, S. (2013). “Geopolitics Regionalism Under New Moroccan Constitution and Autonomy of Sahara”, Indian Journal of African Studies, Vol. XVIII. April &October 2012, No. 1 & 2, pp.1-14, (published in January 2013).
  • Lakhal, M.,Khalil,A. ve San Martin, P. (2006). “Moroccan Autonomy for the Western Sahara: A Solution to a Decolonisation Conflict or a Prelude to the Dismantling of a Kingdom?”, Review of African Political Autonomy, 33 (108), 336-341.
  • Lawless, R. (1985). “Morocco’s ForeignPolicy: The Struggle for Influence and Dominance in Northwest Africa”, in R. Lawless (ed.), Foreign Policy Issues in the Middle East: Afghanistan – Iraq – Turkey – Morocco, Durham: University of Durham, 66-83.
  • Montarani, B. ve Bergh, S. I. (2014). “The Challenges of ‘participatory’ development in a semi-authoritarian context: the case of an essential oil distillation Project in High Atlas Mountains of Morocco”, The Journal of African Studies, 19(5), 828-851.
  • Mundy, J. (2009). “Chapter 10: The Morocco-Polisario War for Western Sahara, 1975-1991”, in B. Rubin (ed.), Conflict and Insurgency in the Contemporary Middle East, London: Routledge, 209-231.
  • Murswiek, D. (1993). “The Issue of a Right of Secession-Reconsidered”, in Christian Tomuschat (ed.), Modern Law of Self-Determination, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 21-40.
  • Ojeda-Garcia R. Ve Suarez-Collado A. (2015). “The Project of Advanced Regionalisation in Morocco: Analysis of a Lampeduian Reform”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 42(1), 46-58.
  • (2017). “Chapter 9: Western Sahara in the Framework of the New Moroccan Advanced Regionalization Reform”, in Ojeda-Garcia, R.,Fernandez-Molina, I. ve VeguillaV. (eds.), Global, Regional and Local Dimensions of Western Sahara’s Protracted Decolonization, 2017, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 188-234
  • Ottaway, M. (2013). “Morocco: ‘Advanced Decentralization’ Meets the Sahara Autonomy Initiative’, View Points No: 27, Wilson Center, 1-3.
  • Özel, M. (2003). “Avrupa Birliği’nde Bölge, Bölgeselleşme ve Bölge Yönetimleri Kavramları Üzerine”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 58(1),97-117.
  • Pham, J. P. (2010). “Not AnotherFailed State: Toward a Realistic Solution in the Western Sahara”, Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 1(1), 1-24.
  • Said, J. (2012). Essai sur lesRegions et la Decentralisation au Maroc, MPRA Paper, No 38390.
  • Shelley, T. (2004). Endgame in the Western Sahara: What Future for Africa’s Last Colony?, Zed Books, London.
  • Pignon, S ve Braconnier, S. (2017). “La régionalisation au Maroc: un progrès à consolider”, 27 février, Bird & Bird, https://www.twobirds.com/en/news/articles/2017/global/africa-newsletter-feb/regionalization-in-morocco, son olarak 15 Eylül 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Sorenson, D. S. (2008). “Chapter 19: Morocco”, An Introduction to the Modern Middle East: History, Religion, Political Economy, Politics, Westview Press, Colorado.
  • Spector, S. J. (2009). “Western Sahara and Self-Determination Debate”, Middle East Quarterly, 16(3), 33-43.
  • (2011). “Negotiating Free Association between Western Sahara and Morocco: A Comparative Legal Analysis of Formulas for Self-Determination”, International Negotiation, 16(1), 109-135.
  • Suárez-Collado, A. “The Moroccan Regionalıisation Process: Actors, StrategiesOf Mobilization And Influence Of Arab Revolts”, http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_14277.pdf, son olarak 14 Eylül 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Suarez-Collado A. ve Ojeda-Garcia, R. (2015). “The Effects of the Moroccan Advanced Regionalization Process in Western Sahara”, Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, 5(3), 76-98.
  • Stephan M. J. ve Mundy, J. (2006). “A Battlefield Transformed: From Guerrilla Resistance to Mass Nonviolent Strugglein the Western Sahara”, Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, 8(3), 1-32.
  • Tessler, M. A., Entelis, J. P. ve White, G. W. (1995). “Chapter 16: Kingdom of Morocco”, in D. E. Long and B. Reich (eds.), The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa, Westview, Colorado.
  • The Moroccan Constitutuion (2011), https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011.pdf?lang=en, son olarak 15 Eylül 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Theofilopou, A. ve Mundy, J. (2006). “Autonomy and Intifadah: New Horizons in Western Saharan Nationalism”, Review of African Political Economy, 33(108), 255-267.
  • Wolff, S. Ve Weller, M. (2008). “Chapter 1: Self-Determination and Autonomy: A Conceptual Introduction”, in Weller M. And Wolff S. (eds.), Autonomy, Self-Governance and Conflict Resolution: Innovative Approaches to Institutional Design in Divided Societies, New York: Routledge, 1-25.
  • Zerhouni, M. (2016). “La Regionalisation Avancee au Maroc: Vers L’Edification D’unS ysteme de Gouvernance Efficace”, Revue Vlaque d’Etudes Economiques, 7(3), 27-38.
  • United Nations General Assembly, “Declaration on theGranting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples”, (1514/XV; 14 December 1960), http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/declaration.shtml, son olarak 20 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Central Intelligence Agency“The World Factbook: Africa: Western Sahara”, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wi.html, Last updated on 19 June 2014, son olarak 16 Eylül 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Economic, Social and Environmental Council, New Development Model for the Southern Provinces: Summary l, October 2013
  • Basic Facts About the United Nations, United Nations Department of Public Information, New York, 2000.
  • “Right of Non-Self-Governing Territories to Self-Determinastion Reaffirmed, As Fourth Committee Approves Nine Decolonization Texts”, United Nations: Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, http://www.un.org/press/en/2002/gaspd238.doc.htm, 4 October 2002, son olarak 16 Eylül 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir
  • “Morocco Reinforces Good Governance & Democracy in its SouthernProvinces (IndianPaper)”, MAP, http://www.mapnews.ma/en/top-news/regional/morocco-reinforces-good-governance-democracy-its-southern-provinces-indian-paper, 08 November 2017, son olarak 24 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 9 - 22, 28.06.2019

Ceren Gürseler

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akyılmaz, B. (2000). “Mahalli İdarelerde Özerkliğe Yönelik Tehditler ve Merkezileşme Eğilimleri”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 8 (1-2), 141-159.
  • Aleman,E. ve Treisman, D. (2005). “Chapter 8: Fiscal Politics in ‘Ethnically Mined’, Developing, Federal States: Central Strategies and Secessionist Violence”, in Philip G. Roeder and Donald S. Rothchild (eds.), Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy After Civil Wars, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 116-165.
  • Belal, Y. (2008). “Présentation, Le Projet d’Autonomie de la Région du Sahara”, Autonomie et Régionalisation, Le Cercle d’Analyse Politique, No. 11, Avril
  • Ben-Meir, Y. (2010). “Morocco’s Regionalization ‘Roadmap’ and the Western Sahara”, International Journal on World Peace, 27(2),63-86.
  • Bergh, S. I. (2016). Public Sector Governance Reforms and ‘Advanced Regionalization’ in Morocco: What Role for the European Union, EUI Working Papers RSCAS 2016/56,1-19.
  • Bhatia, M. (2001). “The Western Sahara under Polisario Control”, Review of African Political Economy, 28 (88), 291-298.
  • Clark, R.S. (2007). “Chapter 4: Western Sahara and the United Nations Norms on Self-Determination and Aggression”, in K. Arts, P. P. Leite (eds.), International Law and the Question of Western Sahara, Leiden,http://ebookbrowsee.net/roger-s-clark-western-sahara-and-the-united-nations-norms-on-self-determination-and-aggression-pdf-d260408437, son olarak 21 Ekim 2013 tarihinde erişilmiştir
  • Çiner, C. U. (2010). “Devlet Reformunda Yerelleşme ve Bölgeselleşme Üzerine”, Memleket Siyaset Yönetim, 5(12), 168-180.
  • El- Messaoudi, A. (2008). “L’Actualité d’un Débat: La Note de Travail”, Autonomie et Régionalisation, Le Cercle d’Analyse Politique, No. 11, Avril.
  • Epstein, P.(2009). “Behind Closed Doors: ‘Autonomous Colonization in Post United Nations Era – The Case for Western Sahara”, Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law, 15(1), 107-143.
  • Finaud, M.(2009). “Can Autonomy Fulfill the Right to Self-Determination?”, GCSP Geneva Paper, 12(6).
  • Gözler, K. ve Kaplan, G. (2018). Kısa İdare Hukuku, Ekin Yayınevi, Bursa.
  • Houdret,A. veHarnisch, A. (2017). Decentralisation in Morocco: The Current Reform and Its Possible Contribution to Political Liberalisation, Discussion Paper/ Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik, Bonn, 1-40.
  • Hodges, T.(1983). “The Origins of Sahrawi Nationalism”, Third World Quarterly, 5(1), 28-57.
  • Hughes, A. (2004). “Decolonizing Africa: Colonial Boundaries and the Crisis of the (non) Nation State”, Diplomacy and Statecraft,15(4), 833-866.
  • Jafari, M. ve El-Moujaddidi, (2016). “La Régionalisation Avencée au Maroc: Perspectives et Défis”, Revue Organisation et Territoire, No. 2. Karakılçık, Y. (2016). Yeni Yerel-Bölgesel Gelişmeler Işığında Yerel Yönetimler, Seçkin Yayınevi, Ankara, 2016.
  • Keleş, R. (1998). Yerinden Yönetim ve Siyaset, Cem Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Keleş, R. ve Mengi, A. (2013).Avrupa Birliği’nin Bölge Politikaları, İstanbul: Cem Yayınevi.
  • Khakee, A. (2011). The Western Saharan Autonomy Proposal and Political Reform in Morocco, Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center, 1-12.
  • King Mohammed VI. (2014). “The Best Token of Loyalty to the Architect of the Green March”, Vital Speeches International, 343-346.
  • Kumar, S. (2013). “Geopolitics Regionalism Under New Moroccan Constitution and Autonomy of Sahara”, Indian Journal of African Studies, Vol. XVIII. April &October 2012, No. 1 & 2, pp.1-14, (published in January 2013).
  • Lakhal, M.,Khalil,A. ve San Martin, P. (2006). “Moroccan Autonomy for the Western Sahara: A Solution to a Decolonisation Conflict or a Prelude to the Dismantling of a Kingdom?”, Review of African Political Autonomy, 33 (108), 336-341.
  • Lawless, R. (1985). “Morocco’s ForeignPolicy: The Struggle for Influence and Dominance in Northwest Africa”, in R. Lawless (ed.), Foreign Policy Issues in the Middle East: Afghanistan – Iraq – Turkey – Morocco, Durham: University of Durham, 66-83.
  • Montarani, B. ve Bergh, S. I. (2014). “The Challenges of ‘participatory’ development in a semi-authoritarian context: the case of an essential oil distillation Project in High Atlas Mountains of Morocco”, The Journal of African Studies, 19(5), 828-851.
  • Mundy, J. (2009). “Chapter 10: The Morocco-Polisario War for Western Sahara, 1975-1991”, in B. Rubin (ed.), Conflict and Insurgency in the Contemporary Middle East, London: Routledge, 209-231.
  • Murswiek, D. (1993). “The Issue of a Right of Secession-Reconsidered”, in Christian Tomuschat (ed.), Modern Law of Self-Determination, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 21-40.
  • Ojeda-Garcia R. Ve Suarez-Collado A. (2015). “The Project of Advanced Regionalisation in Morocco: Analysis of a Lampeduian Reform”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 42(1), 46-58.
  • (2017). “Chapter 9: Western Sahara in the Framework of the New Moroccan Advanced Regionalization Reform”, in Ojeda-Garcia, R.,Fernandez-Molina, I. ve VeguillaV. (eds.), Global, Regional and Local Dimensions of Western Sahara’s Protracted Decolonization, 2017, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 188-234
  • Ottaway, M. (2013). “Morocco: ‘Advanced Decentralization’ Meets the Sahara Autonomy Initiative’, View Points No: 27, Wilson Center, 1-3.
  • Özel, M. (2003). “Avrupa Birliği’nde Bölge, Bölgeselleşme ve Bölge Yönetimleri Kavramları Üzerine”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 58(1),97-117.
  • Pham, J. P. (2010). “Not AnotherFailed State: Toward a Realistic Solution in the Western Sahara”, Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 1(1), 1-24.
  • Said, J. (2012). Essai sur lesRegions et la Decentralisation au Maroc, MPRA Paper, No 38390.
  • Shelley, T. (2004). Endgame in the Western Sahara: What Future for Africa’s Last Colony?, Zed Books, London.
  • Pignon, S ve Braconnier, S. (2017). “La régionalisation au Maroc: un progrès à consolider”, 27 février, Bird & Bird, https://www.twobirds.com/en/news/articles/2017/global/africa-newsletter-feb/regionalization-in-morocco, son olarak 15 Eylül 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Sorenson, D. S. (2008). “Chapter 19: Morocco”, An Introduction to the Modern Middle East: History, Religion, Political Economy, Politics, Westview Press, Colorado.
  • Spector, S. J. (2009). “Western Sahara and Self-Determination Debate”, Middle East Quarterly, 16(3), 33-43.
  • (2011). “Negotiating Free Association between Western Sahara and Morocco: A Comparative Legal Analysis of Formulas for Self-Determination”, International Negotiation, 16(1), 109-135.
  • Suárez-Collado, A. “The Moroccan Regionalıisation Process: Actors, StrategiesOf Mobilization And Influence Of Arab Revolts”, http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_14277.pdf, son olarak 14 Eylül 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Suarez-Collado A. ve Ojeda-Garcia, R. (2015). “The Effects of the Moroccan Advanced Regionalization Process in Western Sahara”, Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, 5(3), 76-98.
  • Stephan M. J. ve Mundy, J. (2006). “A Battlefield Transformed: From Guerrilla Resistance to Mass Nonviolent Strugglein the Western Sahara”, Journal of Military and Strategic Studies, 8(3), 1-32.
  • Tessler, M. A., Entelis, J. P. ve White, G. W. (1995). “Chapter 16: Kingdom of Morocco”, in D. E. Long and B. Reich (eds.), The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa, Westview, Colorado.
  • The Moroccan Constitutuion (2011), https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Morocco_2011.pdf?lang=en, son olarak 15 Eylül 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Theofilopou, A. ve Mundy, J. (2006). “Autonomy and Intifadah: New Horizons in Western Saharan Nationalism”, Review of African Political Economy, 33(108), 255-267.
  • Wolff, S. Ve Weller, M. (2008). “Chapter 1: Self-Determination and Autonomy: A Conceptual Introduction”, in Weller M. And Wolff S. (eds.), Autonomy, Self-Governance and Conflict Resolution: Innovative Approaches to Institutional Design in Divided Societies, New York: Routledge, 1-25.
  • Zerhouni, M. (2016). “La Regionalisation Avancee au Maroc: Vers L’Edification D’unS ysteme de Gouvernance Efficace”, Revue Vlaque d’Etudes Economiques, 7(3), 27-38.
  • United Nations General Assembly, “Declaration on theGranting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples”, (1514/XV; 14 December 1960), http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/declaration.shtml, son olarak 20 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Central Intelligence Agency“The World Factbook: Africa: Western Sahara”, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wi.html, Last updated on 19 June 2014, son olarak 16 Eylül 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Economic, Social and Environmental Council, New Development Model for the Southern Provinces: Summary l, October 2013
  • Basic Facts About the United Nations, United Nations Department of Public Information, New York, 2000.
  • “Right of Non-Self-Governing Territories to Self-Determinastion Reaffirmed, As Fourth Committee Approves Nine Decolonization Texts”, United Nations: Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, http://www.un.org/press/en/2002/gaspd238.doc.htm, 4 October 2002, son olarak 16 Eylül 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir
  • “Morocco Reinforces Good Governance & Democracy in its SouthernProvinces (IndianPaper)”, MAP, http://www.mapnews.ma/en/top-news/regional/morocco-reinforces-good-governance-democracy-its-southern-provinces-indian-paper, 08 November 2017, son olarak 24 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde erişilmiştir
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Derleme Makale
Yazarlar

Ceren Gürseler 0000-0001-6308-5345

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gürseler, C. (2019). Fas’ın Yerel Yönetim Politikalarının Batı Sahra’nın Self-Determinasyonu İle Sınavı. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(2), 9-22.
 Kapak Resmi İndir