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Kripto Varlık Piyasasında Olası Küresel Krizlerde “Helikopter Para” Kurtarıcı Olabilir Mi?

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 3, 181 - 196, 29.09.2025

Fatih Konak , Esra Özkahveci

https://doi.org/10.52791/aksarayiibd.1674194

Abstract

Kripto varlıklar, merkezi olmayan finansal sistemler ve kapsayıcılık gibi yenilikçi faydalar sunarken, aynı zamanda istikrarsızlık riskleri de taşımaktadır. Yüksek volatilite, düzenleyici denetim eksikliği ve yasadışı faaliyet potansiyeli, bu dijital varlıkları yalnızca kendi piyasaları için değil, geleneksel finansal sistemler açısından da tehdit haline getirmektedir. 2008 mali krizinden edinilen tecrübeler, finansal kırılganlıkların domino etkisi yaratarak ekonomik krizlere dönüşme riskini artırabileceğini göstermiştir. Kripto varlıkların spekülatif doğası, ani fiyat dalgalanmalarına yol açarak piyasalarda zincirleme kesintilere neden olabilmektedir. Özellikle, kripto piyasaları ile geleneksel finansal sistemler arasındaki artan bağlantılar, sistemik risklerin büyümesine neden olabilecek bulaşıcı etkiler yaratabilir. Bu tür bir kripto para kaynaklı finansal şokun boyutu ve hızına karşı, geleneksel para politikası araçları yetersiz kalabilir. Ekonomileri istikrara kavuşturmak için alışılmadık araçlar gerekebilir. 2008 krizinde kullanılan niceliksel genişleme (QE) ve helikopter para gibi yöntemler, bu bağlamda öne çıkmaktadır. Helikopter para, vatandaşlara doğrudan nakit transferi sağlayarak talebi hızlı bir şekilde artırmayı ve tüketici güvenini desteklemeyi hedefler. Geleneksel araçların sınırlı etkili olduğu durumlarda, deflasyonu önlemek ve harcamaları teşvik etmek için etkili bir seçenek olabilir. Kripto varlıkların yükselişi, potansiyel bir balon oluşumunu ve bu balonun patlaması durumunda küresel bir krizin olası etkilerini gündeme getirmektedir. 2008 mortgage krizinden alınan dersler, bu tür krizlerin farklı dinamikler barındıracağını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu nedenle, helikopter para gibi yenilikçi araçların etkinliği üzerine derinlemesine bir değerlendirme yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu perspektifte çalışmanın amacı, kripto paraların mali kriz tetikleme potansiyelini ve helikopter paranın böyle bir krize uygun bir yanıt olup olamayacağını teorik bazda araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

2008 Krizi Kripto Para Helikopter Para

References

  • Acharya, V. (2009). The financial crisis of 2008: A macroeconomic perspective. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(1), 13-27.
  • Allen, G. W. C. (2020). Helicopter money: The unconventional monetary policy option. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34(2), 5-22.
  • Antonopoulos, A. M. (2017a). Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking digital cryptocurrencies. Kaliforniya: O’Reilly Media.
  • Antonopoulos, A. M. (2017b). Bitcoin’de ustalaşmak: Dijital kripto paraların kilidini açmak. Kaliforniya: O’Reilly Media.
  • Auerbach, A. J., & Gorodnichenko, Y. (2012). Measuring the output responses to fiscal policy. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 4(2), 1-27.
  • BBC Türkçe. (2021). Bitcoin: El Salvador, kripto parayı resmi para birimi olarak kabul eden ilk ülke oldu. BBC Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-58474009 16.01.2025
  • Becht, M. R., Bolton, P., & Sapienza, A. V. (2014). Regulatory responses to the financial crisis: A comparative analysis. The Economic Journal, 124(579), F163-F186.
  • Bernanke, B. S. (2012). The Federal Reserve and the financial crisis. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Bernanke, B. S. (2015). The courage to act: A memoir of a crisis and its aftermath. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Bernanke, B. S. (2016). Helicopter money: An inflationary tactic? Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-tools-does-the-fed-have-left-part-3-helicopter-money/?utm_source 04.08.2025
  • Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2010). The employment situation: January 2010. U.S. Department of Labor. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_02052010.pdf
  • Buterin, V. (2014). Ethereum beyaz bülteni: Yeni nesil akıllı sözleşme ve merkezi olmayan uygulama platformu. Ethereum Vakfı.
  • Cohan, W. D. (2011). Money and power: How Goldman Sachs came to rule the world. Random House.
  • CoinMarketCap. (2024). Cryptocurrency market capitalizations. CoinMarketCap. https://coinmarketcap.com 16.01.2025
  • Corbet, S., Lucey, B., Urquhart, A., & Yarovaya, L. (2019). Finansal varlık olarak kripto paralar: Sistematik bir analiz. Uluslararası Finansal Analiz Dergisi, 62, 182–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2018.09.003
  • Corporate Finance Institute. (2022). What happened to Terra? Corporate Finance Institute. https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/cryptocurrency/what-happened-to-terra/
  • Crypto.com. (2024). Temel makroekonomik göstergeler ve kripto para piyasası üzerindeki etkileri. https://crypto.com/tr/university/key-macroeconomic-indicators-impact-on-cryptocurrency-market
  • Cryptopotato.com. (2025). Bitcoin’nin yıllara göre fiyatı: 2009-2025. Cryptopotato. https://cryptopotato.com/language/tr/bitcoinin-yillara-gore-fiyati/ 16.01.2025
  • Federal Housing Finance Agency. (2008). Federal Housing Finance Agency’s role in the financial crisis. FHFA.
  • Federal Reserve. (2010). Federal Reserve issues $600 billion in Treasury purchases. Federal Reserve. https://www.federalreserve.gov
  • Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission. (2011). The financial crisis inquiry report: Final report of the National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Financial Times. (2017). Japan recognizes Bitcoin as legal payment method. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/b8360e86-aceb-11e7-aab9-abaa44b1e130 14.01.2025
  • Friedman, M. (1969). The optimum quantity of money and other essays. Aldine Publishing Company.
  • Frost, J., Shin, H. S., & Wierts, P. (2021). An early stablecoin? The Bank of Amsterdam and the governance of money. BIS Quarterly Review. https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt2103b.htm
  • Galí, J. (2020). Helicopter money: The time is now. Journal of Monetary Economics, 114, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2020.03.003
  • Goodhart, C. A., & Lastra, R. (2017). Populism and central bank independence. Open Economies Review, 28(4), 49-72.
  • Gorton, G., & Zhang, G. (2021). Taming wildcat stablecoins. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w29283
  • IMF. (2009). Global financial stability report: Responding to the financial crisis and measuring systemic risk. International Monetary Fund.
  • IMF. (2021). The implications of adopting Bitcoin as legal tender. IMF. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2021/07/26/blog-cryptoassets-as-national-currency-a-step-too-far 13.01.2025
  • Investopedia. (2021). Bitcoin’s price history. Investopedia. https://investopedia.com/articles/forex/121815/bitcoins-price-history.asp 16.01.2025
  • Kaal, W. (2021). Decentralized finance (DeFi). University of Illinois Law Review. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3827127
  • Krugman, P. (2009). The return of depression economics and the crisis of 2008. W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Krugman, P. (2012). End this depression now! W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Mashable.com, 2021. Venezuela’s national cryptocurrency is officially up for sale. https://mashable.com/article/venezuela-petro-pre-sale-launch 16.01.2025
  • McCulley, M. J., & Papadopoulos, A. P. (2015). The Social Impact of the Financial Crisis: A Review of the Literature. Social Science & Medicine, 126, 21-30.
  • McMillan, J. G. R. (2015). The Impact of Bitcoin on Global Economy. Global Economy Journal, 15(2), 115-132.
  • Medium.com, 2024. Cryptocurrency In Nigeria: Regulations, opportunities, and risks. https://medium.com/@David3998/cryptocurrency-in-nigeria-regulations-opportunities-and-risks-56eb09e5efec 14.01.2025
  • Mian, A., & Sufi, A. (2009). The consequences of mortgage credit expansion: evidence from the 2007 mortgage default crisis. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(4), 1449-1496.
  • Mian, A., & Sufi, A. (2014). House of debt: How they (and you) caused the great recession, and how we can prevent it from happening again. University of Chicago Press.
  • Mishkin, F. S. (1996). Understanding financial crises: A developing country perspective. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series.
  • Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
  • Narayanan, A., Bonneau, J., Felten, E., Miller, A., & Goldfeder, S. (2016). The economics of bitcoin and the future of money. Princeton University Press.
  • Rankia Türkiye. (2024). 2024’ün en iyi kripto paraları. https://rankia.com.tr/2024un-en-iyi-kripto-paralari/
  • Reddy, S. G. (2013). The role of globalization in the 2008 financial crisis. Globalization and Health, 9(1), 1-12.
  • Reid, F., & Harrigan, M. (2015). An analysis of anonymity in the bitcoin system. Security and Privacy 4(SP), 3-16.
  • Reinhart, C. M., & Rogoff, K. S. (2011). This time is different: Eight centuries of financial folly. Princeton University Press.
  • Reuters. (2022). Central African Republic adopts Bitcoin as official currency. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/central-african-republic-adopts-bitcoin-an-official-currency-2022-04-27/ 14.01.2025
  • Schwartz, D., Youngs, N., & Britto, A. (2014). Ripple protokolü mutabakat algoritması. Ripple Labs.
  • Sims, C. A., & Stock, J. H. (2014). Macroeconomic policy responses to the financial crisis. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2014(1), 1-52.
  • Stiglitz, J. E. (2010). Freefall: America, free markets, and the sinking of the world economy. W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Tapscott, D., & Tapscott, A. (2016). Blockchain technology: Beyond bitcoin. Penguin.
  • Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2014). Behavioral economics and the financial crisis. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(4), 227-248.
  • Tsuji, M. D. B. (2015). The regulatory challenges of cryptocurrency. Journal of Business Law, 24(2), 99-115.
  • Turner, A. (2015). The case for monetary finance–An essentially political issue. International Monetary Fundinance. https://www.imf.org/external/np/res/seminars/2015/arc/pdf/adair.pdf
  • Turner, A. (2017). The case for helicopter money. Institute for New Economic Thinking. https://www.ineteconomics.org/perspectives/blog/helicopter-money-on-a-leash
  • Von Hagen, J., & Wynne, M. A. (2019). Helicopter money: A policy option for the eurozone?. European Central Bank Working Paper Series.
  • Yale Insights. (2022). El Salvador’s bitcoin experiment: Success or failure? https://insights.som.yale.edu/insights/el-salvador-adopted-bitcoin-as-an-official-currency-salvadorans-mostly-shrugged?utm_source 04.08.2025
  • World Economic Forum. (2023). Crypto adoption: Challenges and opportunities. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/press/2023/05/new-report-identifies-top-barriers-and-potential-solutions-in-global-crypto-asset-regulation/ 14.01.2025
  • Zhao, C. (2017). Binance coin beyaz bülteni. Binance.
  • Zohar, A. (2015). Bitcoin: Perdenin altında. ACM İletişimleri, 58(9), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1145/2701411

Can “Helicopter Money” Be a Savior in Possible Global Crises in the Crypto Asset Market?

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 3, 181 - 196, 29.09.2025

Fatih Konak , Esra Özkahveci

https://doi.org/10.52791/aksarayiibd.1674194

Abstract

While cryptoassets offer innovative benefits such as decentralized financial systems and inclusiveness, they also carry risks of instability. High volatility, lack of regulatory oversight and the potential for illicit activity make these digital assets a threat not only to their markets but also to traditional financial systems. The experience of the 2008 financial crisis has shown that financial fragilities can create a domino effect, increasing the risk of economic crises. The speculative nature of crypto-assets can lead to sudden price fluctuations, causing chain disruptions in markets. In particular, the growing linkages between crypto markets and traditional financial systems can create contagion effects that can lead to the growth of systemic risks. Against the size and speed of such a cryptocurrency-induced financial shock, traditional monetary policy tools may be insufficient. Unconventional tools may be needed to stabilize economies. In the 2008 crisis, methods such as quantitative easing (QE) and helicopter money stand out in this context. Helicopter money aims to quickly boost demand and bolster consumer confidence by providing direct cash transfers to citizens. It can be an effective option to prevent deflation and stimulate spending where traditional tools have limited effectiveness. The rise of crypto-assets brings to the fore the potential formation of a bubble and the possible effects of a global crisis if this bubble bursts. Lessons from the 2008 mortgage crisis suggest that such crises will have different dynamics. Therefore, an in-depth assessment of the effectiveness of innovative instruments such as helicopter money is warranted. In this perspective, this paper aims to theoretically investigate the potential of cryptocurrencies to trigger a financial crisis and whether helicopter money could be an appropriate response to such a crisis.

Keywords

2008 Crisis Cryptocurrency Helicopter Money

References

  • Acharya, V. (2009). The financial crisis of 2008: A macroeconomic perspective. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(1), 13-27.
  • Allen, G. W. C. (2020). Helicopter money: The unconventional monetary policy option. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34(2), 5-22.
  • Antonopoulos, A. M. (2017a). Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking digital cryptocurrencies. Kaliforniya: O’Reilly Media.
  • Antonopoulos, A. M. (2017b). Bitcoin’de ustalaşmak: Dijital kripto paraların kilidini açmak. Kaliforniya: O’Reilly Media.
  • Auerbach, A. J., & Gorodnichenko, Y. (2012). Measuring the output responses to fiscal policy. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 4(2), 1-27.
  • BBC Türkçe. (2021). Bitcoin: El Salvador, kripto parayı resmi para birimi olarak kabul eden ilk ülke oldu. BBC Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-58474009 16.01.2025
  • Becht, M. R., Bolton, P., & Sapienza, A. V. (2014). Regulatory responses to the financial crisis: A comparative analysis. The Economic Journal, 124(579), F163-F186.
  • Bernanke, B. S. (2012). The Federal Reserve and the financial crisis. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Bernanke, B. S. (2015). The courage to act: A memoir of a crisis and its aftermath. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Bernanke, B. S. (2016). Helicopter money: An inflationary tactic? Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/what-tools-does-the-fed-have-left-part-3-helicopter-money/?utm_source 04.08.2025
  • Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2010). The employment situation: January 2010. U.S. Department of Labor. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_02052010.pdf
  • Buterin, V. (2014). Ethereum beyaz bülteni: Yeni nesil akıllı sözleşme ve merkezi olmayan uygulama platformu. Ethereum Vakfı.
  • Cohan, W. D. (2011). Money and power: How Goldman Sachs came to rule the world. Random House.
  • CoinMarketCap. (2024). Cryptocurrency market capitalizations. CoinMarketCap. https://coinmarketcap.com 16.01.2025
  • Corbet, S., Lucey, B., Urquhart, A., & Yarovaya, L. (2019). Finansal varlık olarak kripto paralar: Sistematik bir analiz. Uluslararası Finansal Analiz Dergisi, 62, 182–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2018.09.003
  • Corporate Finance Institute. (2022). What happened to Terra? Corporate Finance Institute. https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/cryptocurrency/what-happened-to-terra/
  • Crypto.com. (2024). Temel makroekonomik göstergeler ve kripto para piyasası üzerindeki etkileri. https://crypto.com/tr/university/key-macroeconomic-indicators-impact-on-cryptocurrency-market
  • Cryptopotato.com. (2025). Bitcoin’nin yıllara göre fiyatı: 2009-2025. Cryptopotato. https://cryptopotato.com/language/tr/bitcoinin-yillara-gore-fiyati/ 16.01.2025
  • Federal Housing Finance Agency. (2008). Federal Housing Finance Agency’s role in the financial crisis. FHFA.
  • Federal Reserve. (2010). Federal Reserve issues $600 billion in Treasury purchases. Federal Reserve. https://www.federalreserve.gov
  • Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission. (2011). The financial crisis inquiry report: Final report of the National Commission on the Causes of the Financial and Economic Crisis in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  • Financial Times. (2017). Japan recognizes Bitcoin as legal payment method. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/b8360e86-aceb-11e7-aab9-abaa44b1e130 14.01.2025
  • Friedman, M. (1969). The optimum quantity of money and other essays. Aldine Publishing Company.
  • Frost, J., Shin, H. S., & Wierts, P. (2021). An early stablecoin? The Bank of Amsterdam and the governance of money. BIS Quarterly Review. https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt2103b.htm
  • Galí, J. (2020). Helicopter money: The time is now. Journal of Monetary Economics, 114, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2020.03.003
  • Goodhart, C. A., & Lastra, R. (2017). Populism and central bank independence. Open Economies Review, 28(4), 49-72.
  • Gorton, G., & Zhang, G. (2021). Taming wildcat stablecoins. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w29283
  • IMF. (2009). Global financial stability report: Responding to the financial crisis and measuring systemic risk. International Monetary Fund.
  • IMF. (2021). The implications of adopting Bitcoin as legal tender. IMF. https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2021/07/26/blog-cryptoassets-as-national-currency-a-step-too-far 13.01.2025
  • Investopedia. (2021). Bitcoin’s price history. Investopedia. https://investopedia.com/articles/forex/121815/bitcoins-price-history.asp 16.01.2025
  • Kaal, W. (2021). Decentralized finance (DeFi). University of Illinois Law Review. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3827127
  • Krugman, P. (2009). The return of depression economics and the crisis of 2008. W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Krugman, P. (2012). End this depression now! W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Mashable.com, 2021. Venezuela’s national cryptocurrency is officially up for sale. https://mashable.com/article/venezuela-petro-pre-sale-launch 16.01.2025
  • McCulley, M. J., & Papadopoulos, A. P. (2015). The Social Impact of the Financial Crisis: A Review of the Literature. Social Science & Medicine, 126, 21-30.
  • McMillan, J. G. R. (2015). The Impact of Bitcoin on Global Economy. Global Economy Journal, 15(2), 115-132.
  • Medium.com, 2024. Cryptocurrency In Nigeria: Regulations, opportunities, and risks. https://medium.com/@David3998/cryptocurrency-in-nigeria-regulations-opportunities-and-risks-56eb09e5efec 14.01.2025
  • Mian, A., & Sufi, A. (2009). The consequences of mortgage credit expansion: evidence from the 2007 mortgage default crisis. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(4), 1449-1496.
  • Mian, A., & Sufi, A. (2014). House of debt: How they (and you) caused the great recession, and how we can prevent it from happening again. University of Chicago Press.
  • Mishkin, F. S. (1996). Understanding financial crises: A developing country perspective. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series.
  • Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf
  • Narayanan, A., Bonneau, J., Felten, E., Miller, A., & Goldfeder, S. (2016). The economics of bitcoin and the future of money. Princeton University Press.
  • Rankia Türkiye. (2024). 2024’ün en iyi kripto paraları. https://rankia.com.tr/2024un-en-iyi-kripto-paralari/
  • Reddy, S. G. (2013). The role of globalization in the 2008 financial crisis. Globalization and Health, 9(1), 1-12.
  • Reid, F., & Harrigan, M. (2015). An analysis of anonymity in the bitcoin system. Security and Privacy 4(SP), 3-16.
  • Reinhart, C. M., & Rogoff, K. S. (2011). This time is different: Eight centuries of financial folly. Princeton University Press.
  • Reuters. (2022). Central African Republic adopts Bitcoin as official currency. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/central-african-republic-adopts-bitcoin-an-official-currency-2022-04-27/ 14.01.2025
  • Schwartz, D., Youngs, N., & Britto, A. (2014). Ripple protokolü mutabakat algoritması. Ripple Labs.
  • Sims, C. A., & Stock, J. H. (2014). Macroeconomic policy responses to the financial crisis. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2014(1), 1-52.
  • Stiglitz, J. E. (2010). Freefall: America, free markets, and the sinking of the world economy. W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Tapscott, D., & Tapscott, A. (2016). Blockchain technology: Beyond bitcoin. Penguin.
  • Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2014). Behavioral economics and the financial crisis. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 28(4), 227-248.
  • Tsuji, M. D. B. (2015). The regulatory challenges of cryptocurrency. Journal of Business Law, 24(2), 99-115.
  • Turner, A. (2015). The case for monetary finance–An essentially political issue. International Monetary Fundinance. https://www.imf.org/external/np/res/seminars/2015/arc/pdf/adair.pdf
  • Turner, A. (2017). The case for helicopter money. Institute for New Economic Thinking. https://www.ineteconomics.org/perspectives/blog/helicopter-money-on-a-leash
  • Von Hagen, J., & Wynne, M. A. (2019). Helicopter money: A policy option for the eurozone?. European Central Bank Working Paper Series.
  • Yale Insights. (2022). El Salvador’s bitcoin experiment: Success or failure? https://insights.som.yale.edu/insights/el-salvador-adopted-bitcoin-as-an-official-currency-salvadorans-mostly-shrugged?utm_source 04.08.2025
  • World Economic Forum. (2023). Crypto adoption: Challenges and opportunities. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/press/2023/05/new-report-identifies-top-barriers-and-potential-solutions-in-global-crypto-asset-regulation/ 14.01.2025
  • Zhao, C. (2017). Binance coin beyaz bülteni. Binance.
  • Zohar, A. (2015). Bitcoin: Perdenin altında. ACM İletişimleri, 58(9), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1145/2701411
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Review Article
Authors

Fatih Konak 0000-0002-6917-5082

Esra Özkahveci 0000-0003-1472-4053

Early Pub Date September 29, 2025
Publication Date September 29, 2025
Submission Date April 11, 2025
Acceptance Date July 24, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 17 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Konak, F., & Özkahveci, E. (2025). Kripto Varlık Piyasasında Olası Küresel Krizlerde “Helikopter Para” Kurtarıcı Olabilir Mi? Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(3), 181-196. https://doi.org/10.52791/aksarayiibd.1674194
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