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Understanding the Impact Potential of Conspiracy Theories: The Case of Texe Marrs’ Illuminati

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 45 - 58

Ertuğrul Buğra Orhan , Ayşe Ceylan

https://doi.org/10.52791/aksarayiibd.1504639

Abstract

Conspiracy theories can have negative effects as they mobilize certain segments of society with unverifiable information and create a manipulative impact. While topics such as secret organizations controlling the world or the dominance of financial power may seem intriguing, they can lead to the internalization of fictitious and unfounded narratives. Given the difficulty of predicting the consequences of this negative potential, it is crucial to understand the nature of the content to which readers of conspiracy theories are exposed. It has been observed that the literature on conspiracy theories presents significant research gaps, and no comprehensive content analysis has been conducted on books in this field. This gap highlights the potential for expanding the existing body of literature. In light of this, the present study aims to examine the manipulative effects that conspiracy theories can have on the masses. Accordingly, the study investigates how the book Circle of Intrigue: The Hidden Circle of the Global Illuminati Conspiracy, which discusses Illuminati-themed conspiracy theories, conveys its content to audiences in terms of conceptual framing and emotional tone. The book's content was analyzed through phenomenological reduction, with discussions based on fundamental frequency distribution, word grouping, and sentiment analysis. The analyses were conducted using the RStudio software. The findings indicate that the content exerts manipulative effects on audiences in terms of irrationality, distrust, normalization, hopelessness, and propaganda.

Keywords

conspiracy theory economy politics social manipulation

References

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Komplo Teorilerinin Etki Potansiyelini Anlama: Texe Marrs’ın Illuminati Örneği

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 45 - 58

Ertuğrul Buğra Orhan , Ayşe Ceylan

https://doi.org/10.52791/aksarayiibd.1504639

Abstract

Komplo teorileri, toplumların belirli kesimlerini doğrulanamayacak bilgiler ile mobilize edebildiği ve manipülatif etki oluşturabildiği için olumsuz etkiler yaratabilmektedir. Dünyayı kontrol eden gizemli örgütler, paranın kontrolü gibi konular ilgi çekici gibi görünse de gerçek dışı kurguların içselleştirilmesine neden olabilir. Bu olumsuz potansiyelin yaratabileceği etkileri öngörmenin zorluğundan dolayı komplo teorisi okuyucularının maruz kaldıkları içeriklerin niteliğini anlamak oldukça önemlidir. Komplo teorisi literatürünün çalışma kapsamı çerçevesinde oldukça geniş boşluklar sunduğu görülmüş, bu alanda yazılan bir kitabın içerik analizinin detaylı biçimde yapılmadığı anlaşılmış ve gözlemlenen boşluğun literatürü genişletme potansiyeli ortaya koyulmuştur. Bu bilgiler ışığında çalışmanın amacı, komplo teorilerinin kitleler üzerinde ne gibi manipülatif etkiler oluşturabileceğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada “Illuminati” ana başlıklı komplo teorilerini ele alan Circle of Intrigue: The Hidden Circle of the Global Illuminati Conspiracy adlı kitabıniçeriğinin kitlelere hangi kavramlar çerçevesinde ve nasıl bir duygusal tonla ulaştığı araştırılmıştır. Kitap içeriği, fenomenolojik azaltma yapılarak temel frekans dağılımı, kelime gruplandırma ve duygu analizi sonuçlarının tartışması yapılarak ele alınmıştır. Analizler Rstudio programı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre içerik, kitleler üzerinde irrasyonalite, güvensizlik, kanıksama, umutsuzluk ve propaganda bağlamlarında manipülatif etkiler oluşturmaktadır.

Keywords

komplo teorisi ekonomi siyaset toplumsal manipülasyon

References

  • Aguilar, L. (2023). Memeing a conspiracy theory: On the biopolitical compression of the great replacement conspiracy theories. Ethnography, 25(1), 76-97. https://doi.org/10.1177/14661381221146983
  • Alsaid, M., & Hawamdeh, S. (2023). The impact of social media on covid-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptance: Data analytic approach. Proceedings of the Alise Annual Conference. https://doi.org/10.21900/j.alise.2022.1098
  • Bicheno, H. (1972). Anti‐parliamentary themes in chilean history: 1920–70. Government and Opposition, 7(3), 351-388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1972.tb00846.x
  • Bloomberg HT. (2023, 14 Nisan). BlackRock’ın varlıkları banka krizinin ardından 9 trilyon doları aştı. https://www.bloomberght.com/blackrockin-varliklari-banka-krizinin-ardindan-9-trilyon-dolari-asti-2329891
  • Brotherton, R., French, C. C., & Pickering, A. D. (2013). Measuring belief in conspiracy theories: The generic conspiracist beliefs scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 279. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279
  • Cíbik, M. & Hardoš, P. (2020). Conspiracy theories and reasonable pluralism. European Journal of Political Theory, 21(3), 445-465. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474885119899232 Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
  • Deutsche Welle. (2015, 10 Ağustos). Dünyanın en büyüğü: Blackrock. https://www.dw.com/tr/finans-d%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1n%C4%B1n-gizli-s%C3%BCper-g%C3%BCc%C3%BC/a-18653440
  • DiGrazia, J. (2017). The social determinants of conspiratorial ideation. Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023116689791
  • Douglas, K. (2021). Are conspiracy theories harmless? The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 24. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2021.10
  • Douglas, K. (2021). Covid-19 conspiracy theories. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(2), 270-275. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220982068
  • deHaven-Smith, L., & Witt, M. T. (2013). Conspiracy theory reconsidered: Responding to mass suspicions of political criminality in high office. Administration & Society, 45(3), 267-295.
  • Ford, B., Feinberg, M., Lassetter, B., Thai, S., & Gatchpazian, A. (2023). The political is personal: The costs of daily politics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 125(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000335
  • Frenken, M. (2021). A uniform conspiracy mindset or differentiated reactions to specific conspiracy beliefs? Evidence from latent profile analyses. International Review of Social Psychology, 34(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.590
  • Galluzzo, A. (2019). Brown, the Illuminati, and the public sphere. In P. Barnard, M. L. Kamrath, & S. Shapiro (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of Charles Brockden Brown (pp. 335–350). Oxford University Press.
  • Gargan, E., & Cubitt, G. (1995). The jesuit myth: conspiracy theory and politics in nineteenth-century France. The American Historical Review, 100(4), 1258. https://doi.org/10.2307/2168259
  • Giorgi, A. (2009). The descriptive phenomenological method in psychology: A modified Husserlian approach. Duquesne University Press.
  • Gkinopoulos, T., & Mari, S. (2022). How exposure to real conspiracy theories motivates collective action and political engagement? The moderating role of primed victimhood and underlying emotional mechanisms in the case of 2018 bushfire in attica. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 53(1), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12923
  • Goertzel, T. (1994). Belief in conspiracy theories. Political Psychology, 15(4). 731-742.
  • Gül, S. S., & Nizam, Ö. K. (2021). Sosyal bilimlerde söylem ve içerik analizi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 42, 181-198. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.803182
  • Hebel-Sela, S., Stefaniak, A., Vandermeulen, D., Adler, E., Hameiri, B., & Halperin, E. (2023). Are societies in conflict more susceptible to believe in covid-19 conspiracy theories? A 66 nation study. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 29(3), 286-293. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000645
  • Hennesey, J. (1995). Book review: The jesuit myth: Conspiracy theory and politics in nineteenth-century France. Theological Studies, 56(1), 167-168. https://doi.org/10.1177/004056399505600116
  • Herrero, M. (2023). Theopolitical figures: Scripture, prophecy, oath, charisma, hospitality. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Hughes, J., Efstratiou, A., Komer, S., Baxter, L., Vasiljevic, M., & Leite, A. (2022). The impact of risk perceptions and belief in conspiracy theories on covid-19 pandemic-related behaviors. Plos One, 17(2), e0263716. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263716
  • Husserl, E. (1970). The crisis of European sciences and transcendental phenomenology: An introduction to phenomenological philosophy. Northwestern University Press.
  • Imhoff, R. (2024). On the usefulness of the conspiracy mentality concept. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 232(1), 59-63. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000550
  • Jolley, D. (2023). The impact of conspiracy beliefs on a targeted group: Perceived popularity of Jewish‐targeted conspiracy beliefs elicits outgroup avoidant behaviors. British Journal of Psychology, 115(2), 345-362. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12690
  • Kızılkaya, E., & Uzman, E. (2023). Genel komplo teorilerine inanma ölçeğinin türkçeye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 10(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.52380/ijpes.2023.10.1.654
  • Krekó, P., Orosz, G., Faragó, L., & Zsila, Á. (2023). The viral warfare: Uncovering the connection between conspiracy theories on COVID and the war in Ukraine [Preprint]. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3359277/v1
  • Konda Araştırma. (2018). Toplumun komplo teorilerine bakışı araştırması. Yazar. https://konda.com.tr/tr/rapor/toplumun-komplo-teorilerine-bakisi/
  • Küçükaydın, M., Esen, S., & Geçer, S. (2023). Did we trust in science during the covid‐19 pandemic? Modeling the relationship between trust, awareness, and conspiracy theories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 37(6), 1266-1276. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.4120
  • Leman, P., & Cinnirella, M. (2013). Beliefs in conspiracy theories and the need for cognitive closure. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00378
  • Mahl, D., Zeng, J., & Schäfer, M. (2021). From “nasa lies” to “reptilian eyes”: Mapping communication about 10 conspiracy theories, their communities, and main propagators on Twitter. Social Media + Society, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211017482
  • Mahl, D., Zeng, J., & Schäfer, M. (2023). Platformization of conspiracism: Introducing a theoretical framework for investigating conspiracy theories on “alternative” platforms using a case study of bitchute and gab. AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research. https://doi.org/10.5210/spir.v2022i0.13049
  • Marinov, N., & Popova, M. (2021). Will the real conspiracy please stand up: Sources of post-communist democratic failure. Perspectives on Politics, 20(1), 222-236. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592721001973
  • Marrs, T. (1995). Circle of intrigue: The hidden circle of the global Illuminati conspiracy. Living Truth. Marrs, T. (2002). İlluminati: Entrika çemberi. Timaş Yayınları.
  • Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Sage Publications.
  • Nadzir, I. (2020). Conspiracy theories and modern disjuncture amidst covid-19 in Indonesia. Masyarakat Indonesia, 46(2), 150-167. https://doi.org/10.14203/jmi.v46i2.909
  • Nera, K. (2024). Analyzing the causation between conspiracy mentality and belief in conspiracy theories. Zeitschrift Für Psychologie, 232(1), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000533
  • Nera, K., Procop, I., & Klein, O. (2023). Comparing the ideological correlates of anti-government and anti-Roma conspiracy beliefs in Romania. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 17. https://doi.org/10.1177/18344909231162276
  • Padberg, W. (1995). The jesuit myth: Conspiracy theory and politics in nineteenth-century france by geoffrey cubitt. The Catholic Historical Review, 81(1), 89-90. https://doi.org/10.1353/cat.1995.0133
  • Pang, B., & Lee, L. (2008). Opinion mining and sentiment analysis. Foundations and Trends® in Information Retrieval, 2(1–2), 1-135.
  • Petrovic, N. (2020). Tackling the Covid-19 conspiracies: The data-driven approach. In 2020 International Conference on Information, Communication and Energy Systems and Technologies (ICEST) (pp. 27–30). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/icest49890.2020.9232760
  • Prims, J. (2024). Call it a conspiracy: How conspiracy belief predicts recognition of conspiracy theories. Plos One, 19(4), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301601
  • Prooijen, J., & Dijk, E. (2014). When consequence size predicts belief in conspiracy theories: The moderating role of perspective taking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.06.006
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There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Economics (Other), Policy and Administration (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ertuğrul Buğra Orhan 0000-0003-2455-5441

Ayşe Ceylan 0009-0006-3831-8972

Early Pub Date June 26, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date June 25, 2024
Acceptance Date April 8, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025Volume: 17 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Orhan, E. B., & Ceylan, A. (2025). Komplo Teorilerinin Etki Potansiyelini Anlama: Texe Marrs’ın Illuminati Örneği. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 45-58. https://doi.org/10.52791/aksarayiibd.1504639
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