Abstract
Spor politik, ekonomik, kurumsal, tarihsel ve kültürel boyutları da olan toplumsal bir olgudur. Bu yönüyle sosyolojiyle yakından bağlantılı olan spor, yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısında spor sosyolojisinin ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte sosyolojik teoriler çerçevesinde ele alınmaya başlamıştır. Bu bağlamda literatürde iki temel sosyolojik teori ön plana çıkmaktadır: işlevselci teori ve çatışma teorisi. En önemli temsilcileri Talcott Parsons ve Robert K. Merton olan işlevselci teori toplumu bir işlevler bütünü olarak tasavvur etmekte ve toplumsal sistemi oluşturan alt sistemlerin her birinin belli bir işlevi yerine getirdiğini savunmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda spor da toplumu bir araya getiren bütünleştirici bir olgu olarak ele alınabilir. Karl Marx ve Max Weber gibi isimleri çalışmalarına dayanan çatışma teorisi ise, toplumu sınıflar arasındaki çatışma temelinde ele almaktadır. Bu bağlamda, sporun toplumdaki mevcut eşitsizlikleri ve güç ilişkilerini yansıttığı ve bu durumu pekiştirdiği söylenebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, işlevselci teorinin ve çatışma teorisinin temel özelliklerini kısaca göstermek ve bu teoriler çerçevesinde sporu ele alarak, sporun toplumsal işlevlerini incelemektir.
References
- Blalock, H. (1962). Occupational discrimination: Some theoretical propositions. Social Problems, 9(3), 240-247.
- Craib, I. (1984). Modern social theory: From Parsons to Habermas. New York: St Martin’s Press.
- Critcher, C. (1979). Football since the War. In J. Clarke, C. Critcher & R. Johnson (Eds.), Working class culture: Studies in history and theory (pp. 161-184). London: Hutchinson.
- Delaney, T. (2015). The Functionalist Perspective on Sport, in R. Giulianotti (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of The Sociology of Sport (pp. 18-28). London and New York: Routledge.
- Delaney, T. & Madigan, T. (2009). The sociology of sports: An introduction. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
- Dever, A. (2015). Spor sosyolojisi (İkinci Baskı). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
- Dever, A. (2017). Sosyolojik teoriler ve spor. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi Yayınları.
- Edwards, H. (1973). Sociology of sport. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
- Ergun, D. (1979). 100 soruda sosyoloji el kitabı (Dördüncü Baskı). Ankara: Gerçek Yayınevi.
- Gruneau, R. (1999). Class, sports, and social development. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
- Heinila, K. (1969). Football at the crossroads. International Review of Sport Sociology, 4(1), 5-30.
- Hughson, J. (2009). The making of sporting cultures. London and New York: Routledge.
- Ingham, A.G. & Donnelly, P. (1997). A sociology of North American sociology of sport: Disunity in unity, 1965 to 1996. Sociology of Sport Journal, 14(4), 362-418.
- Jarvie, G. & Maguire, J. (1994). Sport and leisure in social thought. London and New York: Routledge.
- Kenyon, G. (1986). The significance of social theory in the development of sport sociology. In C. R. Rees & A. W. Miracle (Eds.), Sport and social theory (pp. 3-22). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
- Kızılçelik, S. (1992). Sosyoloji teorileri I. Konya: Mimoza Yayınları.
- Loy, John W. & Booth, D. (2000). Functionalism, sport and society. In J.Coakley & E. Dunning (Eds.), The handbook of sport studies (pp. 8-27). London: Sage.
- Loy, John W. & Booth, D. (2004). Social structure and social theory: The intellectual insights of Robert K. Merton. In R. Giulianotti (Ed.), Sport and modern social theorists (pp. 33-47). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Lüschen, G. (1969). Small group research and the group in sport. In G.S. Kenyon (Ed.), Aspects of contemporary sport sociology (pp. 57-66). Chicago: The Athletic Institute.
- Maguire, J. (2014). Social sciences in sport. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
- Malcolm, D. (2008). The SAGE dictionary of sports studies. London: SAGE Publications.
- Malcolm, D. (2014). The social construction of the sociology of sport: A professional Project. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 49(1), 3-21.
- Mandell, Richard D. (1971). The Nazi olympics. New York: Macmillan.
- Marx, K. & Engels, F. (2010). Komünist manifesto ve hakkında yazılar (Dördüncü Baskı) (çev. N. Satlıgan, T. Ağaoğlu, O. Göçmen ve Ş. Alpagut). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
- Merton, R.K. (1957). Social theory and social structure (Second Edition). Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
- Mills, C.W. (1959). The sociological imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Molnar, G. & Kelly, J. (2013). Sport, exercise and social theory: An introduction. London: Routledge.
- Sage, G. (1997). Physical education, sociology and sociology of sport: Points of intersection. Sociology of Sport Journal, 14(4), 317-339.
- Snyder, E. E. (1974). Sociology of sports: Concepts and theories. Popular Culture, 8(2), 361-369.
- Stevenson, C. (1974). Sport as a contemporary social phenomenon: A functional explanation. International Journal of Physical Education, 11, 8-14.
- Stevenson, C. & Nixon, J. E. (1972). A conceptual scheme of the social functions of sport. Sportwissenschaft, 2, 119-132.
- Theodorson, G. A. & Theodorson, A. S. (1969). A modern dictionary of sociology. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co.
- Volger, C. & Schwartz, S. (1993). The sociology of sport: An introduction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Wallace, R. A. & Wolf, A. (2015). Çağdaş sosyoloji kuramları: Klasik geleneğin genişletilmesi (Altıncı Baskı) (çev. L. Elburuz ve M. R. Ayas). Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
- Yiannakis, A.; Melnick, M. & Morgan T. (2015). Sport sociology and the origins of NASSS: The early years, 1955-1980. Retrieved from http://nasss.org/nasss2016/wp content/uploads/2015/07/SportSociology_YiannakisMelnickMorgan.pdf.
Abstract
Sport is a cultural phenomenon which has also economic, social, institutional and historical dimensions. It has a close relationship with sociology in this respect and it started to be examined within the framework of sociological theories with the emergence of sport sociology in the second half of the twentieth century. Two main sociological theories stand out in this context: the functionalist theory and the conflict theory. The functionalist theory whose main proponents are Talcott Parsons and Robert K. Merton conceives the society as a body of functions, and argues that each sub-system which constitute social system has specific functions. Sport, in this direction, could be addressed as a cohesive phenomenon which keeps the society together. The conflict theory based on the works of Karl Marx and Max Weber discussed society in the basis of class conflicts. In this regard, it’s safe to say that sport reflects the existing inequalities and power relations in any society and strengthens this situation. The aim of this paper is to reveal the key features of the functionalist and conflicts theories, and examine the social functions of sport by discussing sport within the framework of these particular theories.
References
- Blalock, H. (1962). Occupational discrimination: Some theoretical propositions. Social Problems, 9(3), 240-247.
- Craib, I. (1984). Modern social theory: From Parsons to Habermas. New York: St Martin’s Press.
- Critcher, C. (1979). Football since the War. In J. Clarke, C. Critcher & R. Johnson (Eds.), Working class culture: Studies in history and theory (pp. 161-184). London: Hutchinson.
- Delaney, T. (2015). The Functionalist Perspective on Sport, in R. Giulianotti (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of The Sociology of Sport (pp. 18-28). London and New York: Routledge.
- Delaney, T. & Madigan, T. (2009). The sociology of sports: An introduction. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
- Dever, A. (2015). Spor sosyolojisi (İkinci Baskı). Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
- Dever, A. (2017). Sosyolojik teoriler ve spor. Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi Yayınları.
- Edwards, H. (1973). Sociology of sport. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
- Ergun, D. (1979). 100 soruda sosyoloji el kitabı (Dördüncü Baskı). Ankara: Gerçek Yayınevi.
- Gruneau, R. (1999). Class, sports, and social development. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
- Heinila, K. (1969). Football at the crossroads. International Review of Sport Sociology, 4(1), 5-30.
- Hughson, J. (2009). The making of sporting cultures. London and New York: Routledge.
- Ingham, A.G. & Donnelly, P. (1997). A sociology of North American sociology of sport: Disunity in unity, 1965 to 1996. Sociology of Sport Journal, 14(4), 362-418.
- Jarvie, G. & Maguire, J. (1994). Sport and leisure in social thought. London and New York: Routledge.
- Kenyon, G. (1986). The significance of social theory in the development of sport sociology. In C. R. Rees & A. W. Miracle (Eds.), Sport and social theory (pp. 3-22). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
- Kızılçelik, S. (1992). Sosyoloji teorileri I. Konya: Mimoza Yayınları.
- Loy, John W. & Booth, D. (2000). Functionalism, sport and society. In J.Coakley & E. Dunning (Eds.), The handbook of sport studies (pp. 8-27). London: Sage.
- Loy, John W. & Booth, D. (2004). Social structure and social theory: The intellectual insights of Robert K. Merton. In R. Giulianotti (Ed.), Sport and modern social theorists (pp. 33-47). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Lüschen, G. (1969). Small group research and the group in sport. In G.S. Kenyon (Ed.), Aspects of contemporary sport sociology (pp. 57-66). Chicago: The Athletic Institute.
- Maguire, J. (2014). Social sciences in sport. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics.
- Malcolm, D. (2008). The SAGE dictionary of sports studies. London: SAGE Publications.
- Malcolm, D. (2014). The social construction of the sociology of sport: A professional Project. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 49(1), 3-21.
- Mandell, Richard D. (1971). The Nazi olympics. New York: Macmillan.
- Marx, K. & Engels, F. (2010). Komünist manifesto ve hakkında yazılar (Dördüncü Baskı) (çev. N. Satlıgan, T. Ağaoğlu, O. Göçmen ve Ş. Alpagut). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
- Merton, R.K. (1957). Social theory and social structure (Second Edition). Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
- Mills, C.W. (1959). The sociological imagination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Molnar, G. & Kelly, J. (2013). Sport, exercise and social theory: An introduction. London: Routledge.
- Sage, G. (1997). Physical education, sociology and sociology of sport: Points of intersection. Sociology of Sport Journal, 14(4), 317-339.
- Snyder, E. E. (1974). Sociology of sports: Concepts and theories. Popular Culture, 8(2), 361-369.
- Stevenson, C. (1974). Sport as a contemporary social phenomenon: A functional explanation. International Journal of Physical Education, 11, 8-14.
- Stevenson, C. & Nixon, J. E. (1972). A conceptual scheme of the social functions of sport. Sportwissenschaft, 2, 119-132.
- Theodorson, G. A. & Theodorson, A. S. (1969). A modern dictionary of sociology. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co.
- Volger, C. & Schwartz, S. (1993). The sociology of sport: An introduction. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Wallace, R. A. & Wolf, A. (2015). Çağdaş sosyoloji kuramları: Klasik geleneğin genişletilmesi (Altıncı Baskı) (çev. L. Elburuz ve M. R. Ayas). Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
- Yiannakis, A.; Melnick, M. & Morgan T. (2015). Sport sociology and the origins of NASSS: The early years, 1955-1980. Retrieved from http://nasss.org/nasss2016/wp content/uploads/2015/07/SportSociology_YiannakisMelnickMorgan.pdf.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 31, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2020Volume: 12 Issue: 4 |
