ABD’NİN 2003 IRAK MÜDAHALESİNİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Ümmügülsüm Boz

doi:10.52791/aksarayiibd.1406780

Research Article

EVALUATION OF THE US INTERVENTION IN IRAQ IN 2003 IN TERMS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

Year 2024, , 51 - 64, 30.03.2024

Ümmügülsüm Boz

https://doi.org/10.52791/aksarayiibd.1406780

Abstract

The September 11 attacks caused a significant change in US foreign policy. The Bush administration adopted the war on terrorism strategy and based its security policy on the concept of pre-emptive war and the claim of not allowing the US to experience an attack like 9/11 again. In this context, Iraq, which was seen as an imminent and direct threat, was taken into consideration within the scope of the war on terrorism strategy and invaded on March 20, 2003 with the official justifications of "Saddam has weapons of mass destruction" and "there is a link between Iraq and al-Qaeda, which carried out the September 11 attacks". After the invasion, the inspections carried out in Iraq and the reports published afterwards proved the official justifications wrong.
The US invasion of Iraq has also led to serious debates in terms of the conformity of the invasion with international law. The assumption of the study is that although the US claimed to have carried out the invasion in accordance with international law, it violated the articles of the UN Charter on the use of force in international law. Thus, the study will examine the US invasion policies in Iraq within the context of the official justifications and the debates on the conformity of the invasion with international law.

Keywords

September 11 attacks, invasion of Iraq, international law

References

Ağır, B. S. (2006-2007). Bush doktrini: Küresel bir hegemonik istikrar arayışı mı?. Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi İktisadi İşletmesi. 3(12).
Akhtar, S. (1991). Spoils of the Gulf War. Pakistan Horizon. 44(3).
Armaoğlu, F. (2017). 20. Yüzyıl siyasi tarihi, 1914-1995. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
Aydın, A.B. (t.y.). Genç HukukçularHukuk Okumaları.
Aydın, M. (2003). ABD Dünya’dan ne istiyor?, ABD’nin yeni ulusal güvenlik stratejisi ve dış politikası. Stradigma, 4.
Bush, G. W. H. (1990). George W. H. Bush, national security strategy of the United States. Washington, D.C.:Beyaz Saray.
Bush, G. W. (2002, January 29). President delivers state of the union address. The White House., Erişim adresi: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html.
Bush, G. W. (2002, September 20). Address to the united nations general assembly. The White House, Erişim adresi: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/bushrecord/documents/Selected_Speeches_George_W_Bush.pdf.
Bush, G. W. (2002, October 8). President Bush outlines Iraqi threat, Cincinnati.The White House. Erişim adresi: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021007-8.html
Bush, G. W. (2003, January 29). President delivers state of the union address. The White House, Erişim adresi: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html.
BBCTURKİSH (2005, Ocak 13). Bush, Irak savaşını savunmakta. Erişim adresi: http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkish/news/story/2005/01/printable/050113_bush_wmd.shtml.
Bush, G. W. (2002). National security strategy. Washington D.C.
Bozkurt, E. (2003). Birleşmiş Milletler sisteminde kuvvet kullanımı. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
Brands, H. W. (2004). George Bush and the Gulf War of 1991. Presidential Studies Quaterly. 34(1).
Byman, D. (2000-2001). After the storm U.S. policy toward Iraq since 1991. Political Science Quarterly, 115(4), 493.
Carpenter, T. G. (1991). The new world disorder. Foreign Policy, 84.
Cleveland, W. L. (2008). Modern ortadoğu tarihi. İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı.
Clinton, W. J. (1998). Statement of signing the Iraq liberation Act of 1998. The American Presidency Project. Erişim adresi: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=55205.
DCI Special Advisor Report on Iraq’s WMD. (2004, September 30). CIA. Erişim adresi: https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/chap4.html#sect1.
Dombrowski, P., & Bayne, R. A.(2003). Global debate and the limits of the Bush doctrine. International Studies Perspectives. 4(4).
Eriş, O. (1996). Körfez krizi ve Türkiye’de karar alma süreci. Değişen dünya ve Türkiye. (der.) Faruk Sönmezoğlu. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınları.
Galbraith, P. W. (2007) Irak’ın sonu ulus devletlerin çöküşü mü?. İstanbul:Doğan Yayıncılık.
Gause III, F. G. (2002). Iraq’s decisions to go to war, 1980-1990. Middle East Journal, 56(1).
Gellman, B. (2003, May 11). Frustrated, U.S. arms team to leave Iraq. Washington Post. Erişim adresi: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/12/AR2006061200917.html.
Harris, W. (2000). Modern Irak’ın stratejik konumu. Avrasya Dosyası. 6(3).
Hook, S. W., & Spanier, J. (2014). Amerikan dış politikası, İkinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan günümüze. İstanbul: İnkilap Kitabevi.
Hinnebusch, R. (2017). “The US ınvasion of Iraq: Explanations and ımplications. Critical Middle Eastern Studies. 16(3).
Indyk, M. (1993). The Clinton Administration’s approach to the Middle East. Washigton Institute. Erişim adresi: http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-clinton-administrations-approach-to-the-middle-east.
NSA (2003). Iraq support for terrorism. Erişim adresi: http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB129/part12-terrorism.pdf.
Katzman, K. (2004, February 5). Iraq and Al Qaeda: Allies or not?. CRS Report for Congress. Erişim adresi: http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/34715.pdf.
Kegley, C.W., & Raymond, G.A. (2003). Preventive war and permissive normative order. International Studies Perspectives. 4(4).
Kemp, G., & Harkavy R. E. (1997). Strategic geography and the changing middle east. Carneige Endowment for International Peace.
Kibaroğlu, M. (2002). Kitle imha silahlarının gelişim süreci, yayılmasının önlenmesine ilişkin yapılan çalışmalar ve geleceğin güvenlik tehditleri. 2023 Dergisi, 7-10.
Kurtbağ, Ö. (2010). Amerikan yeni sağı ve dış politikası. Ankara: USAK Yayınları.
United Nations Digital Library (20 March 2003). Letter from the permanent representative of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the president of the security council. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/490434.
Mackinder, H. J. (1962). Democratic ideals and reality. New York: Norton.
Mackinder, H. J. (1904). The geographical pivot of history. Geographical Journal, 23(4).
Musaoğlu, N. ve Efegil, E. (2007). Ortadoğu’da büyük ortadoğu projesi uygulanabilir mi?. Akademik Ortadoğu. 1(2).
Moeller, B. (1998). The United States and the New World Order. Indian Journal of Asian Affairs. 11(1/2).
Moore, M. (2003). Article Commentary :Truman Got It Right. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 59(1).
Mylroie, L. (2001, January). US policy toward Iraq. Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. Erişim adresi: http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0101_ir1.htm.
National Intelligence Estimate, Iraq’s Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction. (2002, October 1). NSA, 1. Erişim adresi: http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB254/doc01.pdf.
Nye, J.S. Jr. (1990). What new world order?. Foreign Affairs. 71(2).
Öztürk, M. (2010). 1. Körfez Savaşı’ndan (1990-1991)-11 eylül sürecine ABD’nin Irak politikası ve bunun Türk-Amerikan İlişkilerine Etkileri. Akademik Bakış Dergisi. 19.
Pedroza, R. A. P. (2010). Legal bases for military operations in Iraq, 86 Int'l L. Stud. Ser. US Naval War Col. 45, Hein Online. Erişim adresi: https://www.usnwc.edu/Research---Gaming/International-Law/New-International-Law-Studies-(Blue-Book)-Series/International-Law-Blue-Book-Articles.aspx?Volume=86
Powell, C. (2003, February 5). US. secretary of state Colin Powell addresses the U.N security council. The White House. Erişim adresi: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/02/print/20030205-1.html. Renner, M. (2003). Post Saddam Iraq: Linchpin of a new oil order. Foreign Policy in Focus. Erişim adresi: http://fpif.org/post-saddam_iraq_linchpin_of_a_new_oil_order/.
Rice, C. (2001, July 29). Rice discusses role of U.S. military overseas. CNN.com/Trasncripts. Erişim adresi: http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0107/29/le.00.html.
Roberts, P., & Rockefeller J. D. (2004, July 9). Report of the select committe on intelligence on the U.S. intelligence community’s prewar fintelligence assessments on Iraq together with additional views.
Roberts, P., & Rockefeller J. D. (2006, September 8). Report of the select committee on intelligence on postwar findings about Iraq’s WMD programs and lins to terrorism and how they compare with prewar assessments togehter with additional views. FAS, 67. Erişim adresi: http://fas.org/irp/congress/2006_rpt/srpt109-331.pdf.
Taşdemir, F. (2006). Uluslararası anarşiye giden yol: Uluslararası hukuk açısından önleyici meşru müdafaa hakkı. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika. 2 (5). CNN International (2003, October 3). Text of David Kay’s unclassified statement. Erişim adresi: http://edition.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/10/02/kay.report/.
CNN International (2004, January).Transcript: David Kay at senate hearing. Erişim adresi: http://edition.cnn.com/2004/US/01/28/kay.transcript/.
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United Nations. (1998, March 2). United Nations security council, resolution 1154. Erişim adresi: http://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/Keyresolutions/sres98-1154.htm.
United Nations. (1999, December 17). United Nations security council, resolution 1284. Erişim adresi: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/396/09/PDF/N9939609.pdf?OpenElement.
United Nations (November 2002). United Nations security council, resolution 1441. Erişim adresi: http://www.un.org/depts/unmovic/documents/1441.pdf.
Valki, L. (2004). Invasion of Iraq, An illegal war, 45 Annales U. Sci. Budapestinensis Rolando Eotvos 61. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305903486_Invasion_of_Iraq_-_An_Illegal_War.
Wall, A. E. (2003). The Legal case for Invading Iraq and toppling Hussein. In Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, 32(2002) (pp. 165-192).
Newsweek (1990). Why we are in the gulf. Newsweek, 116(22).
Woodward, B. (2005). Bush savaşta. Ankara: Arkadaş Yayınevi.

ABD’NİN 2003 IRAK MÜDAHALESİNİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2024, , 51 - 64, 30.03.2024

Ümmügülsüm Boz

https://doi.org/10.52791/aksarayiibd.1406780

Abstract

11 Eylül saldırıları, ABD dış politikasında önemli bir değişim yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. Bush yönetimi, terörizmle savaş stratejisini benimsemiş ve güvenlik politikasını ön alıcı savaş kavramı ile ABD’nin yeniden 11 Eylül gibi bir saldırı yaşamasına izin vermemek iddiası üzerine oluşturmuştur. Bu bağlamda, yakın ve doğrudan bir tehdit olarak görülen Irak, terörizmle savaş stratejisi kapsamında ele alınmış ve 20 Mart 2003 tarihinde “Saddam kitle imha silahlarına sahip” ve “Irak ile 11 Eylül saldırılarını gerçekleştiren el-Kaide arasında bağlantı var” resmi gerekçeleri ile işgal edilmiştir. İşgalin ardından Irak’ta yapılan incelemeler ve sonrasında yayınlanan raporlar, resmi gerekçeleri boşa çıkarmıştır.
Resmi gerekçelerin boşa çıkmasıyla, Irak’ın ABD tarafından işgali, işgalin uluslararası hukuka uygunluğu açısından da ciddi tartışmalara neden olmuştur. Çalışmanın varsayımı ise, ABD işgali uluslararası hukuka göre gerçekleştirdiğini iddia etmesine rağmen, BM Anlaşmasının uluslararası hukukta kuvvet kullanmaya dair olan maddelerini ihlal ettiğidir. Böylece çalışmada ABD’nin Irak’la ilgili işgal politikaları, belirtilen resmi gerekçeler ile işgalin uluslararası hukuka uygunluğuna dair tartışmalar içerisinde incelenecektir.

Keywords

11 Eylül saldırıları, Irak işgali, uluslararası hukuk

References

Ağır, B. S. (2006-2007). Bush doktrini: Küresel bir hegemonik istikrar arayışı mı?. Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi İktisadi İşletmesi. 3(12).
Akhtar, S. (1991). Spoils of the Gulf War. Pakistan Horizon. 44(3).
Armaoğlu, F. (2017). 20. Yüzyıl siyasi tarihi, 1914-1995. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
Aydın, A.B. (t.y.). Genç HukukçularHukuk Okumaları.
Aydın, M. (2003). ABD Dünya’dan ne istiyor?, ABD’nin yeni ulusal güvenlik stratejisi ve dış politikası. Stradigma, 4.
Bush, G. W. H. (1990). George W. H. Bush, national security strategy of the United States. Washington, D.C.:Beyaz Saray.
Bush, G. W. (2002, January 29). President delivers state of the union address. The White House., Erişim adresi: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html.
Bush, G. W. (2002, September 20). Address to the united nations general assembly. The White House, Erişim adresi: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/bushrecord/documents/Selected_Speeches_George_W_Bush.pdf.
Bush, G. W. (2002, October 8). President Bush outlines Iraqi threat, Cincinnati.The White House. Erişim adresi: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021007-8.html
Bush, G. W. (2003, January 29). President delivers state of the union address. The White House, Erişim adresi: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html.
BBCTURKİSH (2005, Ocak 13). Bush, Irak savaşını savunmakta. Erişim adresi: http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkish/news/story/2005/01/printable/050113_bush_wmd.shtml.
Bush, G. W. (2002). National security strategy. Washington D.C.
Bozkurt, E. (2003). Birleşmiş Milletler sisteminde kuvvet kullanımı. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
Brands, H. W. (2004). George Bush and the Gulf War of 1991. Presidential Studies Quaterly. 34(1).
Byman, D. (2000-2001). After the storm U.S. policy toward Iraq since 1991. Political Science Quarterly, 115(4), 493.
Carpenter, T. G. (1991). The new world disorder. Foreign Policy, 84.
Cleveland, W. L. (2008). Modern ortadoğu tarihi. İstanbul: Agora Kitaplığı.
Clinton, W. J. (1998). Statement of signing the Iraq liberation Act of 1998. The American Presidency Project. Erişim adresi: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=55205.
DCI Special Advisor Report on Iraq’s WMD. (2004, September 30). CIA. Erişim adresi: https://www.cia.gov/library/reports/general-reports-1/iraq_wmd_2004/chap4.html#sect1.
Dombrowski, P., & Bayne, R. A.(2003). Global debate and the limits of the Bush doctrine. International Studies Perspectives. 4(4).
Eriş, O. (1996). Körfez krizi ve Türkiye’de karar alma süreci. Değişen dünya ve Türkiye. (der.) Faruk Sönmezoğlu. İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınları.
Galbraith, P. W. (2007) Irak’ın sonu ulus devletlerin çöküşü mü?. İstanbul:Doğan Yayıncılık.
Gause III, F. G. (2002). Iraq’s decisions to go to war, 1980-1990. Middle East Journal, 56(1).
Gellman, B. (2003, May 11). Frustrated, U.S. arms team to leave Iraq. Washington Post. Erişim adresi: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/12/AR2006061200917.html.
Harris, W. (2000). Modern Irak’ın stratejik konumu. Avrasya Dosyası. 6(3).
Hook, S. W., & Spanier, J. (2014). Amerikan dış politikası, İkinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan günümüze. İstanbul: İnkilap Kitabevi.
Hinnebusch, R. (2017). “The US ınvasion of Iraq: Explanations and ımplications. Critical Middle Eastern Studies. 16(3).
Indyk, M. (1993). The Clinton Administration’s approach to the Middle East. Washigton Institute. Erişim adresi: http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-clinton-administrations-approach-to-the-middle-east.
NSA (2003). Iraq support for terrorism. Erişim adresi: http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB129/part12-terrorism.pdf.
Katzman, K. (2004, February 5). Iraq and Al Qaeda: Allies or not?. CRS Report for Congress. Erişim adresi: http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/34715.pdf.
Kegley, C.W., & Raymond, G.A. (2003). Preventive war and permissive normative order. International Studies Perspectives. 4(4).
Kemp, G., & Harkavy R. E. (1997). Strategic geography and the changing middle east. Carneige Endowment for International Peace.
Kibaroğlu, M. (2002). Kitle imha silahlarının gelişim süreci, yayılmasının önlenmesine ilişkin yapılan çalışmalar ve geleceğin güvenlik tehditleri. 2023 Dergisi, 7-10.
Kurtbağ, Ö. (2010). Amerikan yeni sağı ve dış politikası. Ankara: USAK Yayınları.
United Nations Digital Library (20 March 2003). Letter from the permanent representative of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the president of the security council. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/490434.
Mackinder, H. J. (1962). Democratic ideals and reality. New York: Norton.
Mackinder, H. J. (1904). The geographical pivot of history. Geographical Journal, 23(4).
Musaoğlu, N. ve Efegil, E. (2007). Ortadoğu’da büyük ortadoğu projesi uygulanabilir mi?. Akademik Ortadoğu. 1(2).
Moeller, B. (1998). The United States and the New World Order. Indian Journal of Asian Affairs. 11(1/2).
Moore, M. (2003). Article Commentary :Truman Got It Right. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 59(1).
Mylroie, L. (2001, January). US policy toward Iraq. Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. Erişim adresi: http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0101_ir1.htm.
National Intelligence Estimate, Iraq’s Continuing Programs for Weapons of Mass Destruction. (2002, October 1). NSA, 1. Erişim adresi: http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB254/doc01.pdf.
Nye, J.S. Jr. (1990). What new world order?. Foreign Affairs. 71(2).
Öztürk, M. (2010). 1. Körfez Savaşı’ndan (1990-1991)-11 eylül sürecine ABD’nin Irak politikası ve bunun Türk-Amerikan İlişkilerine Etkileri. Akademik Bakış Dergisi. 19.
Pedroza, R. A. P. (2010). Legal bases for military operations in Iraq, 86 Int'l L. Stud. Ser. US Naval War Col. 45, Hein Online. Erişim adresi: https://www.usnwc.edu/Research---Gaming/International-Law/New-International-Law-Studies-(Blue-Book)-Series/International-Law-Blue-Book-Articles.aspx?Volume=86
Powell, C. (2003, February 5). US. secretary of state Colin Powell addresses the U.N security council. The White House. Erişim adresi: http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/02/print/20030205-1.html. Renner, M. (2003). Post Saddam Iraq: Linchpin of a new oil order. Foreign Policy in Focus. Erişim adresi: http://fpif.org/post-saddam_iraq_linchpin_of_a_new_oil_order/.
Rice, C. (2001, July 29). Rice discusses role of U.S. military overseas. CNN.com/Trasncripts. Erişim adresi: http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0107/29/le.00.html.
Roberts, P., & Rockefeller J. D. (2004, July 9). Report of the select committe on intelligence on the U.S. intelligence community’s prewar fintelligence assessments on Iraq together with additional views.
Roberts, P., & Rockefeller J. D. (2006, September 8). Report of the select committee on intelligence on postwar findings about Iraq’s WMD programs and lins to terrorism and how they compare with prewar assessments togehter with additional views. FAS, 67. Erişim adresi: http://fas.org/irp/congress/2006_rpt/srpt109-331.pdf.
Taşdemir, F. (2006). Uluslararası anarşiye giden yol: Uluslararası hukuk açısından önleyici meşru müdafaa hakkı. Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika. 2 (5). CNN International (2003, October 3). Text of David Kay’s unclassified statement. Erişim adresi: http://edition.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/10/02/kay.report/.
CNN International (2004, January).Transcript: David Kay at senate hearing. Erişim adresi: http://edition.cnn.com/2004/US/01/28/kay.transcript/.
United Nations (1991, 8 April). United Nations security council, resolution 687. FAS, Erişim adresi: http://fas.org/news/un/iraq/sres/sres0687.htm.
United Nations (1991, October 11). United Nations security council, resolution 715. Web: http://www.un.org/Depts/unmovic/documents/715.pdf.
United Nations. (1998, March 2). United Nations security council, resolution 1154. Erişim adresi: http://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/Keyresolutions/sres98-1154.htm.
United Nations. (1999, December 17). United Nations security council, resolution 1284. Erişim adresi: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/396/09/PDF/N9939609.pdf?OpenElement.
United Nations (November 2002). United Nations security council, resolution 1441. Erişim adresi: http://www.un.org/depts/unmovic/documents/1441.pdf.
Valki, L. (2004). Invasion of Iraq, An illegal war, 45 Annales U. Sci. Budapestinensis Rolando Eotvos 61. Erişim adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305903486_Invasion_of_Iraq_-_An_Illegal_War.
Wall, A. E. (2003). The Legal case for Invading Iraq and toppling Hussein. In Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, 32(2002) (pp. 165-192).
Newsweek (1990). Why we are in the gulf. Newsweek, 116(22).
Woodward, B. (2005). Bush savaşta. Ankara: Arkadaş Yayınevi.

There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	International Relations (Other)
Journal Section	Research Article
Authors	Ümmügülsüm Boz 0009-0006-8475-4871
Publication Date	March 30, 2024
Submission Date	December 19, 2023
Acceptance Date	March 19, 2024
Published in Issue	Year 2024

Cite

APA	Boz, Ü. (2024). ABD’NİN 2003 IRAK MÜDAHALESİNİN ULUSLARARASI HUKUK AÇISINDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.52791/aksarayiibd.1406780

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