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Analysis of Applicability of Brain-Drain Tax Suggested by Bhagwati

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 51, 511 - 536, 31.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.01.25

Öz

Immigrations for better employment opportunities are called ‘brain-drain’. The brain-drain issue is vital, especially for developing countries. Brain drain does financial harm in employment and economic, financial, socio-cultural, and political costs. To reduce these costs, Bhagwati suggested a brain-drain tax in the 1970s. Bhagwati has focused on the justice of brain-drain tax and its possible benefits to the national budget. However, there are some difficulties in applying the brain-drain tax. Within the research framework, it has been focused on the idea of brain-drain tax suggested by Bhagwati to prevent brain-drain and the reasons why it cannot find an application area.

Kaynakça

  • Balasubramanyam, V.N. et al. (eds.) (1993), “Economics of the Brain Drain: The Case for a Tax on Brains”, in: Topics in Policy Appraisal (105-17), London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Bell, S. et al. (2010), “Migration and Land Use Change in Europe: A Review”, Living Reviews in Landscape Research, 4(2), 1-49.
  • Bhagwati, J. & W. Dellalfar (1973), “The brain drain and income taxation”, World Development, 1(1-2), 94-101.
  • Bhagwati, J. (1972), “The United States in the Nixon Era: The End of Innocence”, Daedalus, 101(4), 25-47.
  • Bhagwati, J. (1976), “Taxing the Brain Drain”, Challenge, 19(3), 34-38.
  • Brauner, Y. (2010), “Brain Drain Taxation as Development Policy”, Saint Louis University Law Journal, 55, 221-68.
  • Crush, J. & C. Hughes (2009), “Brain Drain”, in: International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (342-47), Elsevier.
  • Dequiedt, V. & Y. Zenou (2013), “International Migration, Imperfect Information, and Brain Drain”, Journal of Development Economics, 102(Mayıs), 62-78.
  • Docquier, F. & H. Rapoport (2012), “Globalization, Brain Drain, and Development”, Journal of Economic Literature, 50(3), 681-730.
  • Docquier, F. (2014), “The Brain Drain from Developing Countries”, IZA World of Labor.
  • Dumitru, S. (2012), “Skilled Migration: Who Should Pay for What? A Critique of the Bhagwati Tax”, Diversities, 14(1), 9-23.
  • Espinoza, P.L. (2013), “Brain Drain Social and Political Effects in Latin American Countries”, Revista Grafía, 10(2), 29-48.
  • Gibson, J. & D. McKenzie (2010), The Economic Consequences of ‘Brain Drain’ of the Best and Brightest: Microeconomic Evidence from Five Countries, Institute for the Study of Labor, Ağustos.
  • Grubel, H.G. (1968), “The Reduction of The Brain Drain: Problems And Policies”, Minerva, 6(4), 541-58.
  • Gwaradzimba, E. & A. Shumba (2010), “The Nature, Extent and Impact of the Brain Drain in Zimbabwe and South Africa”, Acta Academica, 42(1), 209-41.
  • Iravani, M.R. (2011), “Brain drain Problem: A Review”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(15), 284-89.
  • Jöns, H. & S. Cranston (2020), “Brain Drain”, in: International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, (385-89), Elsevier.
  • Keeley, B. (2009), International Migration - The Human Face of Globalisation, OECD.
  • Koser, K. (2018), “International Migration: A Canary in the Coalmine of Globalisation”, Global Challenges, <https://globalchallenges.ch/issue/3/international-migration-a-canary-in-the-coalmine-of-globalisation/>, 20.05.2021.
  • Kristiaji, B. (2019), “Tax and Brain Drain: Justification, Policy Options and Prospect for Large Developing Economies”, Belgrade Law Review, 67(4), 17-67.
  • Kumar, N. & A.S. Sidhu (2005), “Pull and Push Factors in Labour Migration: A Study of Brick-Kiln Workers in Punjab”, Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 41(2), 221-32.
  • Lister, M. (2017), “A Tax-Credit Approach To Addressing Brain Drain”, Saint Louis University Law Journal, 62(1), 73-84.
  • Lowell, B.L. (2001), Policy Responses to The International Mobility of Skilled Labour, International Labour Office.
  • Mapulanga-Hulston, J.K. (2014), “The Migration of Professionals from Africa: Assessing the Impact of the ‘Brain Drain’ from the Continent”, in: T. Falola & E.M. Mbah (eds.), Contemporary Africa (225-44), New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
  • Mountford, A. & H. Rapoport (2011), “The brain drain and the world distribution of income”, Journal of Development Economics, 95(1), 4-17.
  • Mugo, P. & I.M. Kamere (2013), “Brain Drain”, in: C.C. Wolhuter et al. (eds.), A Student Textbook in Comparative Education (165-77), Potchefstroom: Platinum Press.
  • Murru, M. (2008), “Globalization, Migration and Brain Drain: A Reality Check”, Health Policy and Development, 6(3), 153-63.
  • Ngoma, A.L. & N.W. Ismail (2013), “The Impact of Brain Drain on Human Capital in Developing Countries”, South African Journal of Economics, 81(2), 211-24.
  • Oldman, O. & R. Pomp (1975), “The Brain Drain: A Tax Analysis of the Bhagwati Proposal”, World Development, 3(10), 751-63.
  • Özden, Ç. & M. Schiff (2007), International Migration, Economic Development&Policy, Washington, DC: World Bank and Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Plume, A. (2012), “The Evolution of Brain Drain and Its Measurement: Part I”, Research Trends (blog), <https://www.researchtrends.com/issue26-january-2012/the-evolution-of-brain-drain-and-its-measurement-part-i/>, 20.05.2021.
  • Poot, J. (2013), “Global Trade and International Migration”, in: I. Ness (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
  • Preiser-Kapeller, J. et al. (eds.) (2013), Studies in Global Migration History, The Netherlands: Brill.
  • Rizvi, F. (2005), “Rethinking ‘Brain Drain’ in the Era of Globalisation”, Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 25(2), 175-92.
  • Sevilla, J.P. (2006), “An Economic View on Brain Drain”, in: J. Palme & K. Tamas (eds.), Globalizing Migration Regimes, Ashgate Publishing.
  • Terán, D. & C. Julio (1994), “The Socio-Cultural Impact of Brain Drain: Reflections from Latin America”, Higher Education Policy, 7(4), 25-28.
  • United Nations (2019),” International Organization for Migration”, World Migration Report 2020, Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
  • United Nations (2020), International Migration 2020: Highlights, New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations (2021), United Nations Population Division | Department of Economic and Social Affairs, <https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates19.asp>, 20.05.2021.
  • Varma, R. & D. Kapur (2013), “Comparative Analysis of Brain Drain, Brain Circulation and Brain Retain: A Case Study of Indian Institutes of Technology”, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 15(4), 315-30.
  • Wilson, J.D. (2008a), “Taxing the Brain Drain”, in: E. Dinopoulos et al. (eds.), Trade, Globalization and Poverty, New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Wilson, J.D. (2008b), “A voluntary brain-drain tax”, Journal of Public Economics, 92(12), 2385-91.
  • Woetzel, J. et al. (2016), People on the Move: Global Migration’s Impact and Opportunity, McKinsey&Company.
  • Wong, K. & C.K. Yip (1999), “Education, Economic Growth, and Brain Drain”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 23(5-6), 699-726.
  • World Bank (2021), International migrant stock, total | Data, <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.TOTL>, 20.05.2021.

Bhagwati Tarafından Önerilen Beyin Göçü Vergisinin Uygulanabilirliğinin Analizi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 51, 511 - 536, 31.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.01.25

Öz

Daha iyi istihdam fırsatları nedeniyle verilen göç kararı beyin göçü olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Özellikle de gelişmekte olan ülkelerin kalkınmasında beyin göçü konusu hayati bir öneme sahiptir. Beyin göçünün gelişmekte olan ülkelere olan maliyetleri sadece istihdam açısından değil, aynı zamanda ekonomik, mali, sosyo-kültürel ve politik maliyetler yoluyla da gerçekleşmektedir. Beyin göçü sonrası oluşan maliyetleri gidermek üzere 1970’lerde Bhagwati beyin göçü vergi önerisi getirmiştir. Bhagwati beyin göçü vergisinin adaletine ve toplanan gelirin gelişmekte olan devletinin bütçesi için sağlayabileceği faydalara odaklanmıştır. Ancak beyin göçü vergisinin uygulanmasında birtakım zorluklar bulunmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında beyin göçünü engellemeye yönelik Bhagwati tarafından önerilen beyin göçü vergisine ve önerilen bu verginin uygulama alanı bulamamasının nedenlerine odaklanılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Balasubramanyam, V.N. et al. (eds.) (1993), “Economics of the Brain Drain: The Case for a Tax on Brains”, in: Topics in Policy Appraisal (105-17), London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Bell, S. et al. (2010), “Migration and Land Use Change in Europe: A Review”, Living Reviews in Landscape Research, 4(2), 1-49.
  • Bhagwati, J. & W. Dellalfar (1973), “The brain drain and income taxation”, World Development, 1(1-2), 94-101.
  • Bhagwati, J. (1972), “The United States in the Nixon Era: The End of Innocence”, Daedalus, 101(4), 25-47.
  • Bhagwati, J. (1976), “Taxing the Brain Drain”, Challenge, 19(3), 34-38.
  • Brauner, Y. (2010), “Brain Drain Taxation as Development Policy”, Saint Louis University Law Journal, 55, 221-68.
  • Crush, J. & C. Hughes (2009), “Brain Drain”, in: International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (342-47), Elsevier.
  • Dequiedt, V. & Y. Zenou (2013), “International Migration, Imperfect Information, and Brain Drain”, Journal of Development Economics, 102(Mayıs), 62-78.
  • Docquier, F. & H. Rapoport (2012), “Globalization, Brain Drain, and Development”, Journal of Economic Literature, 50(3), 681-730.
  • Docquier, F. (2014), “The Brain Drain from Developing Countries”, IZA World of Labor.
  • Dumitru, S. (2012), “Skilled Migration: Who Should Pay for What? A Critique of the Bhagwati Tax”, Diversities, 14(1), 9-23.
  • Espinoza, P.L. (2013), “Brain Drain Social and Political Effects in Latin American Countries”, Revista Grafía, 10(2), 29-48.
  • Gibson, J. & D. McKenzie (2010), The Economic Consequences of ‘Brain Drain’ of the Best and Brightest: Microeconomic Evidence from Five Countries, Institute for the Study of Labor, Ağustos.
  • Grubel, H.G. (1968), “The Reduction of The Brain Drain: Problems And Policies”, Minerva, 6(4), 541-58.
  • Gwaradzimba, E. & A. Shumba (2010), “The Nature, Extent and Impact of the Brain Drain in Zimbabwe and South Africa”, Acta Academica, 42(1), 209-41.
  • Iravani, M.R. (2011), “Brain drain Problem: A Review”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(15), 284-89.
  • Jöns, H. & S. Cranston (2020), “Brain Drain”, in: International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, (385-89), Elsevier.
  • Keeley, B. (2009), International Migration - The Human Face of Globalisation, OECD.
  • Koser, K. (2018), “International Migration: A Canary in the Coalmine of Globalisation”, Global Challenges, <https://globalchallenges.ch/issue/3/international-migration-a-canary-in-the-coalmine-of-globalisation/>, 20.05.2021.
  • Kristiaji, B. (2019), “Tax and Brain Drain: Justification, Policy Options and Prospect for Large Developing Economies”, Belgrade Law Review, 67(4), 17-67.
  • Kumar, N. & A.S. Sidhu (2005), “Pull and Push Factors in Labour Migration: A Study of Brick-Kiln Workers in Punjab”, Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 41(2), 221-32.
  • Lister, M. (2017), “A Tax-Credit Approach To Addressing Brain Drain”, Saint Louis University Law Journal, 62(1), 73-84.
  • Lowell, B.L. (2001), Policy Responses to The International Mobility of Skilled Labour, International Labour Office.
  • Mapulanga-Hulston, J.K. (2014), “The Migration of Professionals from Africa: Assessing the Impact of the ‘Brain Drain’ from the Continent”, in: T. Falola & E.M. Mbah (eds.), Contemporary Africa (225-44), New York: Palgrave Macmillan US.
  • Mountford, A. & H. Rapoport (2011), “The brain drain and the world distribution of income”, Journal of Development Economics, 95(1), 4-17.
  • Mugo, P. & I.M. Kamere (2013), “Brain Drain”, in: C.C. Wolhuter et al. (eds.), A Student Textbook in Comparative Education (165-77), Potchefstroom: Platinum Press.
  • Murru, M. (2008), “Globalization, Migration and Brain Drain: A Reality Check”, Health Policy and Development, 6(3), 153-63.
  • Ngoma, A.L. & N.W. Ismail (2013), “The Impact of Brain Drain on Human Capital in Developing Countries”, South African Journal of Economics, 81(2), 211-24.
  • Oldman, O. & R. Pomp (1975), “The Brain Drain: A Tax Analysis of the Bhagwati Proposal”, World Development, 3(10), 751-63.
  • Özden, Ç. & M. Schiff (2007), International Migration, Economic Development&Policy, Washington, DC: World Bank and Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Plume, A. (2012), “The Evolution of Brain Drain and Its Measurement: Part I”, Research Trends (blog), <https://www.researchtrends.com/issue26-january-2012/the-evolution-of-brain-drain-and-its-measurement-part-i/>, 20.05.2021.
  • Poot, J. (2013), “Global Trade and International Migration”, in: I. Ness (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration, Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
  • Preiser-Kapeller, J. et al. (eds.) (2013), Studies in Global Migration History, The Netherlands: Brill.
  • Rizvi, F. (2005), “Rethinking ‘Brain Drain’ in the Era of Globalisation”, Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 25(2), 175-92.
  • Sevilla, J.P. (2006), “An Economic View on Brain Drain”, in: J. Palme & K. Tamas (eds.), Globalizing Migration Regimes, Ashgate Publishing.
  • Terán, D. & C. Julio (1994), “The Socio-Cultural Impact of Brain Drain: Reflections from Latin America”, Higher Education Policy, 7(4), 25-28.
  • United Nations (2019),” International Organization for Migration”, World Migration Report 2020, Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
  • United Nations (2020), International Migration 2020: Highlights, New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations (2021), United Nations Population Division | Department of Economic and Social Affairs, <https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates19.asp>, 20.05.2021.
  • Varma, R. & D. Kapur (2013), “Comparative Analysis of Brain Drain, Brain Circulation and Brain Retain: A Case Study of Indian Institutes of Technology”, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 15(4), 315-30.
  • Wilson, J.D. (2008a), “Taxing the Brain Drain”, in: E. Dinopoulos et al. (eds.), Trade, Globalization and Poverty, New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Wilson, J.D. (2008b), “A voluntary brain-drain tax”, Journal of Public Economics, 92(12), 2385-91.
  • Woetzel, J. et al. (2016), People on the Move: Global Migration’s Impact and Opportunity, McKinsey&Company.
  • Wong, K. & C.K. Yip (1999), “Education, Economic Growth, and Brain Drain”, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 23(5-6), 699-726.
  • World Bank (2021), International migrant stock, total | Data, <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.TOTL>, 20.05.2021.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sercan Yavan 0000-0002-9873-5931

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Ocak 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 51

Kaynak Göster

APA Yavan, S. (2022). Bhagwati Tarafından Önerilen Beyin Göçü Vergisinin Uygulanabilirliğinin Analizi. Sosyoekonomi, 30(51), 511-536. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.01.25
AMA Yavan S. Bhagwati Tarafından Önerilen Beyin Göçü Vergisinin Uygulanabilirliğinin Analizi. Sosyoekonomi. Ocak 2022;30(51):511-536. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.01.25
Chicago Yavan, Sercan. “Bhagwati Tarafından Önerilen Beyin Göçü Vergisinin Uygulanabilirliğinin Analizi”. Sosyoekonomi 30, sy. 51 (Ocak 2022): 511-36. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.01.25.
EndNote Yavan S (01 Ocak 2022) Bhagwati Tarafından Önerilen Beyin Göçü Vergisinin Uygulanabilirliğinin Analizi. Sosyoekonomi 30 51 511–536.
IEEE S. Yavan, “Bhagwati Tarafından Önerilen Beyin Göçü Vergisinin Uygulanabilirliğinin Analizi”, Sosyoekonomi, c. 30, sy. 51, ss. 511–536, 2022, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.01.25.
ISNAD Yavan, Sercan. “Bhagwati Tarafından Önerilen Beyin Göçü Vergisinin Uygulanabilirliğinin Analizi”. Sosyoekonomi 30/51 (Ocak 2022), 511-536. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.01.25.
JAMA Yavan S. Bhagwati Tarafından Önerilen Beyin Göçü Vergisinin Uygulanabilirliğinin Analizi. Sosyoekonomi. 2022;30:511–536.
MLA Yavan, Sercan. “Bhagwati Tarafından Önerilen Beyin Göçü Vergisinin Uygulanabilirliğinin Analizi”. Sosyoekonomi, c. 30, sy. 51, 2022, ss. 511-36, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2022.01.25.
Vancouver Yavan S. Bhagwati Tarafından Önerilen Beyin Göçü Vergisinin Uygulanabilirliğinin Analizi. Sosyoekonomi. 2022;30(51):511-36.