Derleme
Yıl 2016,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 27 - 41, 01.04.2016
Öz
Traditional trade theories, based on differences in the countries', are inadequate in explaining contemporary trade flow swith a
complex structure between countries. This situation has led to the development of new trade theories. The increase of both
economic global interdependence and similarities of countries give rise to the concept of intra-industry trade (IIT). The new
trade theories are developed by Krugman (1979, 1980), Lancaster (1980) and Helpman (1981) explained IIT by imperfect
competition, economies of scale and product differentiation. IIT is defined as the simultaneous exportand import of similar
products. Similarity is identified here by the good sor services being classified in the same statistical product category. In this
dissertation, firstly the concept, evolution and impacts of free trade agreements are examined and then, the definition, initial
findings, theoretical approaches and measuring methods of IIT are explained. The analytic part of the dissertation sets out to
investigate the role and determinants of Turkey IIT in the framework of free trade agreements for manufacturing industries
between the years 1990-2012. The model is estimated using a panel approach for the period 1993-2012. The model demonstrates
that Turkey's trade between trading partners form complemaentry rather than a competitive structure.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Abraham, F. ve Hove J. V. (2005). Intra-Industry Trade and TechnologicalI nnovation: The Case of Belgian Manufacturing. 7th INFER Annual Conference in Economic Research: Regional Economics, New Challenges forTheory, Empirics and Policy. London. Adler, M. (1970). Specialization in the European Coaland Steel Community. Journal of European Common Market Studies8, 175–191. Anderson M. A., James, E. ve Wincoop, van E. (2004). Trade Costs. Journal of Economic Literature. 42, 691-751. Balassa, B. (1963). European Integration: Problems and Issues.,The American Economic Review, 53, 175-184. Balassa, B. (1966). Tariff Reductions and Trade in Manufactures among the Industrial Countries. American Economic Review, LVI, 466-73, Grubel, H.G. ve 250 Lloyd, P.J (ed.) içinde, Intra-Industry Trade, UK:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, s.28-35. Balassa, B. (1986). The Determinants of Intra-Industry Specialization in US Trade. Oxford Economic Papers, 38. Balassa, B. ve Bauwens, L. (1987). Intra-Industry specialization in a multi-country and multi-industry framework. The Economic Journal, 97. Başkol M.O. (2005). EİT Teorisi Açısından Dış Ticaret Yapımızın Değerlemesi. Doktora Tezi, Uludağ Üniversitesi. Bergstrand, J. H. ve Egger, P. (2006). Trade Costs and IntraIndustry Trade. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv/Review of World Economics, 142(3), 433-458. Brülhart, M. ve Elliot, J. R. (1996). A Critical Survey of Trends in Intra-IndustryTrade. Manuel Porto(ed) içinde, 59-82. Çepni, E. veKöse, N. (2000). Intra-industry Trade Patterns of Turkey: A Panel Study. METU International Conference in Economics IV, Ankara. Deviren, N. V. (2004). Türkiye AB Ülkeleri Arasındaki Sınai Ürünleri Endüstri-içi Ticareti, İktisat-İşletme ve Finans, 19 (222), 107-127. Deviren, N. V. ve M. Karataş (2007). Türkiye ile Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Arasındaki Endüstri-içi Ticaret, İktisat-İşletme ve Finans, 22 (250), 16-32. Drèze, J. (1961). Les Exportations Intro- C.E.E. en 1958 et la position Belge. Recherches Economiques de Louvain. Durkin, J. T. ve Krygier, M. (2000). Differences in GDP percapita and the share of intra-industry trade: The role of vertically differentiated trade. Review of International Economics, 8(4), 760–774. Emirhan, P.N. (2002). .Intra-IndustryTrade Dynamics Of Turkey.,Working Paper, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir http://www.etsg.org/ ETSG2002/Papers/Emirhan.pdf Erk, N. ve Tekgül, Y. (2001). Ekonomik Entegrasyon ve Endüstri-içi Ticaret: Türkiye-AB Ülkeleri Arasındaki Endüstri-içi Ticaretin Ölçülmesi ve Ticaret Tipinin Belirlenmesi.,METU International Conference in Economics V, Ankara. Erlat, G. veErlat, H. (2003a). Measuring Intra-Industry and Marginal Intra-Industry Trade.Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 39(6), 5-38. Erlat, G. ve H. Erlat. (2003b). Intra-Industry Trade and Labor Market Adjustment in Turkey. Paper presented at theTwentyThird Annual Conference of the Middle East Economic Association, Washington, DC, Ocak 3–5. Falvey, R.E. (1981). Commercial Policy and Intra-Industry Trade. Journal of International Economics. 11, 495–511. Finger, J.M. (1975). Trade Overlap and Intra-IndustryTrade. Economic Inquiry, V:XIII, 4. Fontagné, L., Freudenberg, M. ve Gaulier, G. (2005). Disentangling Horizantal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade. CEPII Working Papers, No. 10. Gönel, F.D. (2001a). How important is intra-industry trade between Turkey and her trading partners? Comparision between European Union and Central Asia Turkic Republic.,Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Ekonomi Bölümü. Gönel, F.D. (2001b). Tekstil Sektöründe Endüstri–içi Ticaret. Dış Ticaret Dergisi, 21. Greenaway, D. ve Milner, C. (1986). IntraIndustryTrade:Current Perspectives and Unresolved Issues. Weltwirtscahflches Archiv, 123(1). Greenaway, D., R.C. Hine and C. Milner., (1994), .CountrySpecific Factors and the Pattern of Horizontal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade in UK.,Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv130. Grubel, H.G. (1967). .Intra-Industry Specialization and the Pattern of Trade. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, XXXIII, August. Grubel, H.G. ve Lloyd, P. J. (1975). Intra–Industry Trade-The Theory and Measurement of International Trade in Differentiated Products. John Wiley&Sons, New York. Havrylyshyn, O. ve Civan, E. (1985). Intra-Industry Trade and the Stage of Development: A regression analysis of Industrialand Developing Countries, içinde P.K.M. Tharakan (ed.) Intra-Industry Trade:Empirical and Methodological Aspects,North-Holland: Elsevier Science Pub. Havrylyshyn, O. ve Kunzel, P. (1997). Intra Industry Trade of Arab Countries: An Indicator of Potential Competitiveness. IMF Working Paper, 47. Helpman, E. (1981). International trade in the presence of product differentiation, economies of scale, and monopolistic competition: a Chamberlain-Heckscher-Ohlin approach. Journal of International Economics, 11, 305–340. Hummels, D., ve Levinsohn, J. (1995). MonopolisticCompetitionand International Trade: Reconsidering the Evidence. Quarterly Journal of Economics, CX, August, s.799-836, Grubel, H.G. ve Lloyd, P.J (ed.) içinde, Intra-Industry Trade,UK:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, s.335-372. Kojima, K. (1964). The Pattern of International Trade Among Advanced Countries. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 5 (1). June, 16-36. Kösekahyaoglu, L. (2002). Does Trade Liberalizaiton matter?.Marmara Journal of European Studies,10 (1). Krugman, P.R., (1979), Increasing returns, monopolistic competition, and international trade. Journal of International Economics, 9, 469–479. Krugman, P.R. (1980). Scale economies, product differentiation, and the pattern of trade. American Economic Review, 70, 950–959. Küçükahmetoglu, O. (2002). Endüstri İçi Ticaret ve Türkiye.İktisat, İsletme ve Finans, 17(190). Lancaster K. (1980). Intra-industry trade underperfect monopolistic competition. Journal of International Economics, 10,151–175. Lee, H. H. ve Lee Y. Y. (1993). Intra-IndustryTrade:The Case of Korea. Weltvirtschafliches Archiv, 129. Li, D.,Fariborz M. ve Sim A. (2003). The Determinants Of Intra-IndustryTrade in Insurance Services. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 170(2). 269-287. Lindert, P.H. ve Pugel, T.A. (1996). International Economics. Times Mirror Higher Education Group, Chicago. Michaely, M. (1962). Concentration in International Trade, North- Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam Murshed, S. Mansoob, Patterns of East Asian Trade and Intra-Industry Trade in Manufactures, Journal of Asia Pacific Economy, 2001, 6(1), 99-123. Narin, P. (2002). Endüstri-İçi Ticaret ve İhracata Dayalı Sektörler AçısındanTürkiyeUygulaması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. Nilsson, L. (1997). The measurement of Intra-industry trade between Unequal Partners., Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 133(3), 554-565. Nilsson, L. (1999). Two-Way Trade between Unequal Partners: The EU and the Developing Countries.,Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 135 (1) , 102-127. OECD. (2002). .Intra-Industry and Intra-Firm Trade and The Internationalisation Of Production. OECD Economic Outlook, No. 71, Chapter IV. http://www.oecd.org/pdf/ M00030000/ M00030802.pdf Schüller, M. K. (1995). ThePath of Intra-industry Trade Expansion: TheCases of Spain and Turkey, METU Studies in Development, 22, 79-99. Sharma, K. (2000). Pattern and Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade in Australian Manufacturing. The Australian Economic Review, 33(3),245-255. Sohn, C. ve Lee H. (2004). Marginal Intra-Industry Trade, Trade-Induced Adjustment Costs and the Choice of FTA Partners. Korea Institute for International Economic Policy(KIEP) Working Paper No: 2004-11. Stone,J.A. ve Lee, H. (1995). Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade: A Longitudinal,Cross Country Analysis Weltvirtschafliches Archiv,131(1). Şimşek N. (2005). Türkiye’ninYatay Ve Dikey Endüstri-içi Dış Ticareti., D.E.Ü.İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi- 20(1). Şimşek, N. (2008). Türkiye’nin Endüstri İçi Dış Ticaretinin An alizi, Beta Yayınevi, İstanbul. Tharakan,P.K. M. ve Calfat, G. (1996). Empirical Analyses of International Trade Flows içinde David Greenaway(ed.) Current Issues in International Trade, Second Edition, London:MacMillan Press. Türkcan, D. (2005). Determinants of Intra-Industry trade in Final Goods and Intermediate Goods between Turkey and Selected OECD Countries. Ekonometri ve İstatistik, S.1. Verdoorn, P.J. (1960). TheIntra-Bloc Trade of Benelux., E.A.G. Robindon (ed.) içinde, The Economic Consequence of the Size of Nations, Chapter 19 and Section V, London: Macmillan. Yıldız, R. ve Delice, G. (2001). 1990 Sonrasında Türkiye İhracatındaki Yapısal Değişimler Üzerine Gözlemler. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 101-127
Yıl 2016,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 27 - 41, 01.04.2016
Öz
Uluslararası dış ticareti ülkelerin farklılıklarına dayandıran geleneksel dış ticaret teorileri, ülkeler arasında gerçekleşen ve karmaşık bir yapıya sahip olan günümüz ticaret akımlarını açıklamada yetersiz kalmaktadır. Bu durum yeni dış ticaret teorilerinin gelişmesine neden olmuştur. Ülkelerin karşılıklı küresel ekonomik bağımlılıkla birlikte benzerliklerinin artması dış ticarette endüstri içi ticaret (EİT) kavramının ortaya çıkmasını sağlamaktadır. EİT, eksik rekabet, ölçek ekonomileri ve mal farklılaştırması ile açıklanmakta ve benzer malların eşzamanlı ihracatı ve ithalatı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Buradaki benzerlik ise aynı istatistiki ürün kategorisinde sınıflandırılmış olan mal veya hizmetlerdir. Bu çalışmada, 1990-2012 yılları arasında imalat sanayi endüstrileri için serbest ticaret anlaşmaları çerçevesinde Türkiye’nin endüstrilerinin tamamı ve imalat sanayi endüstrileri için ayrı ayrı EİT’sinin rolü ve ülke temelli belirleyicileri araştırılmıştır. Türkiye’nin dış ticaret yapısında EİT’nin payının belirlenerek, EİT’yi etkileyen nedenlerin ülke temelli hipotezler kapsamında detaylı bir şekilde analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Model 1993-2012 dönemi için panel veri analizi kullanılarak tahmin edilmektedir. Çalışmanın sonucunda Türkiye’nin ticaret ortaklarıyla arasında gerçekleşen ticaret şeklinin rekabetçi yapıdan ziyade tamamlayıcı yapıda gerçekleştiği saptanmıştır. |
Anahtar Kelimeler
Serbest Ticaret Anlaşmaları Endüstri-içi Ticaret Grubel-Lloyd Endeksi
Kaynakça
- Abraham, F. ve Hove J. V. (2005). Intra-Industry Trade and TechnologicalI nnovation: The Case of Belgian Manufacturing. 7th INFER Annual Conference in Economic Research: Regional Economics, New Challenges forTheory, Empirics and Policy. London. Adler, M. (1970). Specialization in the European Coaland Steel Community. Journal of European Common Market Studies8, 175–191. Anderson M. A., James, E. ve Wincoop, van E. (2004). Trade Costs. Journal of Economic Literature. 42, 691-751. Balassa, B. (1963). European Integration: Problems and Issues.,The American Economic Review, 53, 175-184. Balassa, B. (1966). Tariff Reductions and Trade in Manufactures among the Industrial Countries. American Economic Review, LVI, 466-73, Grubel, H.G. ve 250 Lloyd, P.J (ed.) içinde, Intra-Industry Trade, UK:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, s.28-35. Balassa, B. (1986). The Determinants of Intra-Industry Specialization in US Trade. Oxford Economic Papers, 38. Balassa, B. ve Bauwens, L. (1987). Intra-Industry specialization in a multi-country and multi-industry framework. The Economic Journal, 97. Başkol M.O. (2005). EİT Teorisi Açısından Dış Ticaret Yapımızın Değerlemesi. Doktora Tezi, Uludağ Üniversitesi. Bergstrand, J. H. ve Egger, P. (2006). Trade Costs and IntraIndustry Trade. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv/Review of World Economics, 142(3), 433-458. Brülhart, M. ve Elliot, J. R. (1996). A Critical Survey of Trends in Intra-IndustryTrade. Manuel Porto(ed) içinde, 59-82. Çepni, E. veKöse, N. (2000). Intra-industry Trade Patterns of Turkey: A Panel Study. METU International Conference in Economics IV, Ankara. Deviren, N. V. (2004). Türkiye AB Ülkeleri Arasındaki Sınai Ürünleri Endüstri-içi Ticareti, İktisat-İşletme ve Finans, 19 (222), 107-127. Deviren, N. V. ve M. Karataş (2007). Türkiye ile Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Arasındaki Endüstri-içi Ticaret, İktisat-İşletme ve Finans, 22 (250), 16-32. Drèze, J. (1961). Les Exportations Intro- C.E.E. en 1958 et la position Belge. Recherches Economiques de Louvain. Durkin, J. T. ve Krygier, M. (2000). Differences in GDP percapita and the share of intra-industry trade: The role of vertically differentiated trade. Review of International Economics, 8(4), 760–774. Emirhan, P.N. (2002). .Intra-IndustryTrade Dynamics Of Turkey.,Working Paper, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir http://www.etsg.org/ ETSG2002/Papers/Emirhan.pdf Erk, N. ve Tekgül, Y. (2001). Ekonomik Entegrasyon ve Endüstri-içi Ticaret: Türkiye-AB Ülkeleri Arasındaki Endüstri-içi Ticaretin Ölçülmesi ve Ticaret Tipinin Belirlenmesi.,METU International Conference in Economics V, Ankara. Erlat, G. veErlat, H. (2003a). Measuring Intra-Industry and Marginal Intra-Industry Trade.Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 39(6), 5-38. Erlat, G. ve H. Erlat. (2003b). Intra-Industry Trade and Labor Market Adjustment in Turkey. Paper presented at theTwentyThird Annual Conference of the Middle East Economic Association, Washington, DC, Ocak 3–5. Falvey, R.E. (1981). Commercial Policy and Intra-Industry Trade. Journal of International Economics. 11, 495–511. Finger, J.M. (1975). Trade Overlap and Intra-IndustryTrade. Economic Inquiry, V:XIII, 4. Fontagné, L., Freudenberg, M. ve Gaulier, G. (2005). Disentangling Horizantal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade. CEPII Working Papers, No. 10. Gönel, F.D. (2001a). How important is intra-industry trade between Turkey and her trading partners? Comparision between European Union and Central Asia Turkic Republic.,Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, Ekonomi Bölümü. Gönel, F.D. (2001b). Tekstil Sektöründe Endüstri–içi Ticaret. Dış Ticaret Dergisi, 21. Greenaway, D. ve Milner, C. (1986). IntraIndustryTrade:Current Perspectives and Unresolved Issues. Weltwirtscahflches Archiv, 123(1). Greenaway, D., R.C. Hine and C. Milner., (1994), .CountrySpecific Factors and the Pattern of Horizontal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade in UK.,Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv130. Grubel, H.G. (1967). .Intra-Industry Specialization and the Pattern of Trade. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, XXXIII, August. Grubel, H.G. ve Lloyd, P. J. (1975). Intra–Industry Trade-The Theory and Measurement of International Trade in Differentiated Products. John Wiley&Sons, New York. Havrylyshyn, O. ve Civan, E. (1985). Intra-Industry Trade and the Stage of Development: A regression analysis of Industrialand Developing Countries, içinde P.K.M. Tharakan (ed.) Intra-Industry Trade:Empirical and Methodological Aspects,North-Holland: Elsevier Science Pub. Havrylyshyn, O. ve Kunzel, P. (1997). Intra Industry Trade of Arab Countries: An Indicator of Potential Competitiveness. IMF Working Paper, 47. Helpman, E. (1981). International trade in the presence of product differentiation, economies of scale, and monopolistic competition: a Chamberlain-Heckscher-Ohlin approach. Journal of International Economics, 11, 305–340. Hummels, D., ve Levinsohn, J. (1995). MonopolisticCompetitionand International Trade: Reconsidering the Evidence. Quarterly Journal of Economics, CX, August, s.799-836, Grubel, H.G. ve Lloyd, P.J (ed.) içinde, Intra-Industry Trade,UK:Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, s.335-372. Kojima, K. (1964). The Pattern of International Trade Among Advanced Countries. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 5 (1). June, 16-36. Kösekahyaoglu, L. (2002). Does Trade Liberalizaiton matter?.Marmara Journal of European Studies,10 (1). Krugman, P.R., (1979), Increasing returns, monopolistic competition, and international trade. Journal of International Economics, 9, 469–479. Krugman, P.R. (1980). Scale economies, product differentiation, and the pattern of trade. American Economic Review, 70, 950–959. Küçükahmetoglu, O. (2002). Endüstri İçi Ticaret ve Türkiye.İktisat, İsletme ve Finans, 17(190). Lancaster K. (1980). Intra-industry trade underperfect monopolistic competition. Journal of International Economics, 10,151–175. Lee, H. H. ve Lee Y. Y. (1993). Intra-IndustryTrade:The Case of Korea. Weltvirtschafliches Archiv, 129. Li, D.,Fariborz M. ve Sim A. (2003). The Determinants Of Intra-IndustryTrade in Insurance Services. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 170(2). 269-287. Lindert, P.H. ve Pugel, T.A. (1996). International Economics. Times Mirror Higher Education Group, Chicago. Michaely, M. (1962). Concentration in International Trade, North- Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam Murshed, S. Mansoob, Patterns of East Asian Trade and Intra-Industry Trade in Manufactures, Journal of Asia Pacific Economy, 2001, 6(1), 99-123. Narin, P. (2002). Endüstri-İçi Ticaret ve İhracata Dayalı Sektörler AçısındanTürkiyeUygulaması. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. Nilsson, L. (1997). The measurement of Intra-industry trade between Unequal Partners., Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 133(3), 554-565. Nilsson, L. (1999). Two-Way Trade between Unequal Partners: The EU and the Developing Countries.,Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 135 (1) , 102-127. OECD. (2002). .Intra-Industry and Intra-Firm Trade and The Internationalisation Of Production. OECD Economic Outlook, No. 71, Chapter IV. http://www.oecd.org/pdf/ M00030000/ M00030802.pdf Schüller, M. K. (1995). ThePath of Intra-industry Trade Expansion: TheCases of Spain and Turkey, METU Studies in Development, 22, 79-99. Sharma, K. (2000). Pattern and Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade in Australian Manufacturing. The Australian Economic Review, 33(3),245-255. Sohn, C. ve Lee H. (2004). Marginal Intra-Industry Trade, Trade-Induced Adjustment Costs and the Choice of FTA Partners. Korea Institute for International Economic Policy(KIEP) Working Paper No: 2004-11. Stone,J.A. ve Lee, H. (1995). Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade: A Longitudinal,Cross Country Analysis Weltvirtschafliches Archiv,131(1). Şimşek N. (2005). Türkiye’ninYatay Ve Dikey Endüstri-içi Dış Ticareti., D.E.Ü.İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi- 20(1). Şimşek, N. (2008). Türkiye’nin Endüstri İçi Dış Ticaretinin An alizi, Beta Yayınevi, İstanbul. Tharakan,P.K. M. ve Calfat, G. (1996). Empirical Analyses of International Trade Flows içinde David Greenaway(ed.) Current Issues in International Trade, Second Edition, London:MacMillan Press. Türkcan, D. (2005). Determinants of Intra-Industry trade in Final Goods and Intermediate Goods between Turkey and Selected OECD Countries. Ekonometri ve İstatistik, S.1. Verdoorn, P.J. (1960). TheIntra-Bloc Trade of Benelux., E.A.G. Robindon (ed.) içinde, The Economic Consequence of the Size of Nations, Chapter 19 and Section V, London: Macmillan. Yıldız, R. ve Delice, G. (2001). 1990 Sonrasında Türkiye İhracatındaki Yapısal Değişimler Üzerine Gözlemler. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 101-127
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Bölüm | Derleme Makale |
|---|---|
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Nisan 2016 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2016Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2 |
