Araştırma Makalesi
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The Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property and Archaeological Damage

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7, 607 - 625, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.201928

Öz

The archaeological sites and antiquities which
provide significant evidence for the explanation and the understanding of history
as a whole have suffered de­structive effects of economic development, war or
looting in every period. The most important one of these de­structive ef­fects
is the problem of looting. It is not a one-sided problem.  While the supply side of the market plays a
major role in the illicit trade, the demand side also gives a strong direction
to the market. Being a compo­nent of the nature of the problem, secrecy brings
forth difficulty in the determination of the extent of looting; on the other
hand, it give critical importance to the assess­ment of the destruc­tion
wreaked by looting. The fact that the looting of antiquities causes
irreversible damage to the cultural property of the humankind and the illicit
trade of anti­quities generally constitutes a trans­national crime brings about
the necessity of interdiscipli­nary studies concern­ing the identification and
especially the solutions of the problem. This study scrutinizes the prob­lem of
looting; the methods for the assessment of looting; the illicit exca­vators and
the intermediaries in­volved in the illicit trade of antiquities along with the
meth­ods they follow. Addi­tionally, the study aims to present the fact that
the prob­lem of looting occurs in most parts of the world; however, countries
like Turkey which have a rich historical herit­age are significantly affected
by the problem.

Kaynakça

  • Modern Literatür Alderman 2012 K. L. Alderman, “Honor Amongst Thieves: Organized Crime and the Illicit Antiquities Trade”. Indiana Law Review 45/3 (2012) 601-627.
  • Akkuş − Efe 2015 Z. Akkuş − T. Efe, “Türkiye’de Defineciliğin Kültürel Mirasın Korunması Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi”. Birey ve Toplum Dergisi 5/10 (2015) 105-131.
  • Bator 1982 P. M. Bator, “An Essay on the International Trade in Art”. Stanford Law Review 34/2 (1982) 275-384
  • Berkok 1990 N. Berkok, Eski Eser Kaçakçılığı, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 34/1-2 (1990) 325-339.
  • Bowman 2008 B. A. Bowman, “Transnational Crimes Against Culture: Looting at Archaeological Sites and the Grey Market in Antiquities”. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 24/3 (2008) 225-242.
  • Boz 2018 Z. Boz, Fighting the Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property, A Toolkit for European Judiciary and Law Enforcement, Published in 2018 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. UNESCO, Paris 2018.
  • Brodie et al. 2000 N. Brodie, J. Doole − P. Watson, Stealing History: The Illicit Trade in Cultural Material. Cambridge 2000.
  • Brodie 2003 N. Brodie, “Spoils of War”. Archaeology, ‘Spoils of War’, in The Archaeology of War (2003) 251-255.
  • Brodie 2010 N. Brodie, “Archaeological Looting and Economic Justice”. Eds. P. M. Messenger – G. S. Smith, Cultural Heritage Management, Policies and Issues in Global Perspective (2010) 261-277.
  • Brodie 2012 N. Brodie, “Uncovering the Antiquities Market”. Eds. R. Skeates, C. McDavid – J. Carman, The Oxford Handbook of Public Archaeology (2012) 230-252.
  • Campbell 2013 P. B. Campbell, “The Illicit Antiquities Trade as a Transnational Criminal Network: Characterizing and Anticipating Trafficking of Cultural Heritage”. International Journal of Cultural Property 20/2 (2013) 113-153.
  • Coggins 1972 C. C. Coggins, “Archaeology and the Art Market”. Science 175/ 4019 (1972) 263-266.
  • Contreras – Brodie 2010 D. A. Contreras – N. Brodie, “Shining Light on Looting Using Google Earth to Quantify Damage and Raise Public Awareness”. The SAA Archaeological Record 10/3 (2010) 30-33.
  • Mackenzie-Davis 2014 S. Mackenzie - T. Davis, “Temple Looting in Cambodia: Anatomy of Statue Trafficking Network”. British Journal of Criminology 54 (2014) 722-740.
  • Elia 1993 R. J Elia, “A Seductive and Troubling Work”. Archaeology 46/1 (1993) 64-69.
  • Elia 1997 R. J. Elia, “Looting, Collecting, and the Destruction of Archaeological Resources”. Nonrenewable Resources 6/2 (1997) 85-98.
  • Elia 2001 R. J. Elia, “Analysis of the Looting, Selling and Collecting of Apulian Red-Figure Vases: a Quantitative Approach” in Neil Brodie, Jennifer Doole, and Colin Renfrew (eds.), Trade in Illicit Antiquities: the Destruction of the World’s Archaeological Heritage (Cambridge: MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research), (2001)145-154.
  • Esin 1985 U. Esin, “Arkeolojide Kullanılan Arkeometrik Araştırmalara Genel Bir Bakış”. 1. Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı (1985) 1-6.
  • Gutchen 1983 M. Gutchen, “The Destruction of Archaeological Resources in Belize, Central America”. Journal of Field Archaeolgy 10/2 (1983) 217-227.
  • Heath 1973 D. B. Heath, “Economic Aspects of Commercial Archaeology in Costa Rica”. American Antiquity 38/3 (1973) 259-265.
  • Hollowell-Zimmer 2002 J. Hollowel-Zimmer, “The Legal Market in Archaeological Materials From Alaska’s Bering Strait”. Revista de Arqueologìa Americana 21 (2002) 7-32.
  • Hollowell 2006 J. Hollowell, ‘Moral Arguments on Subsistence Digging’. Eds. Christopher Scarre and Geoffrey Scarre, The Ethics of Archaeology: Philosophical Perspectives on the Practice of Archaeology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 69-93.
  • Karaduman 2007 H. Karaduman, Türkiye’de Eski Eser Kaçakçılığı. Ankara 2007.
  • Kersel 2007 M. Kersel, “Transcending Borders: Objects on the Move, Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress”. Archaeologies 3/2 (2007) 81-98.
  • Lange 1976 F. W. Lange, “Costa Rica and the Subsistence Archaeologist”. Current Anthropology 17/2 (1976) 305-307.
  • Lunden 2012 S. Lunden, “Perspectives on Looting, The Illicit Antiquities Trade, Art and Heritage”. Art Antiquity and Law XVII/2 (2012) 109-134.
  • Matsuda 1998 D. Matsuda, “The Ethics of Archaeology, Subsistence Digging, and Artifact Looting in Latin America: Point and Muted Counterpoint”. International Journal of Cultural Property 7/1 (1998) 87-97.
  • Matsuda 2005 D. Matsuda, “Subsistence Diggers”. Ed. K. F. Gibbon, Who Owns the Past? Cultural Policy, Cultural Property, and the Law. Michigan (2005) 255-266.
  • Mackenzie 2006 S. Mackenzie, “Psychosocial Balance Sheets: Illicit Purchase Decisions in the Antiquities Market”. Current Issues in Criminal Justice 8/2 (2006) 221-240.
  • Mackenzie 2010 S. Mackenzie, “Trafficking Antiquities”. International Crime And Justice (2010) 141-147.
  • McCalister 2005 A. Mc Calister, “Organized Crime and the Theft of Iraqi Antiquities”. Trends in Organized Crime 9/1 (2005) 24-37.
  • Pendergast – Graham 1989 D. M Pendergast – E. Graham, “The Battle for the Maya Past: The Effects of International Looting and Collecting in Belize”. Ed. P. Messenger, The ethics of collecting, Albuquerque (1989) 51-60.
  • Proulx 2013 B. B. Proulx, “Archaeological Site Looting in "Glocal" Perspective: Nature, Scope, and Frequency”. American Journal of Archaeology 117/1 (2013) 111-125.
  • Pulhan 2008 G. Pulhan, Arkeolojik Varlıkların Talanı, Rezan Has Müzesi Konferansları II. Arkeoloji Mercek Altında. İstanbul 2008
  • Robinson 1984 J. Robinson, İktisat Felsefesi. Çev. V. Savaş. İstanbul 1984.
  • Rössler 2018 M. Rössler, World Heritage, Protection of Cultural Property Military Manual. France 2018.
  • Roosevelt – Luke 2006 C. H. Roosevelt – C. Luke, “Looting Lydia: The Destruction of an Archaeological Landscape in Western Turkey”. Eds. N. Brodie, M. Kersel, C. Luke – K. Walker Tubb, Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, and the Antiquities Trade. Florida (2006) 173-187.
  • Staley 1993 D. P. Staley, “St Lawrence Island’s Subsistence Diggers: a New Perspective on Human Effects on Archaeological Sites”. Journal of Field Archaeology 20 (1993) 347-355.
  • Stone 2008 E. C. Stone, “Patterns of Looting in Southern Iraq”. Antiquity 82/315 (2008) 125-138.
  • Soudijin – Tijhuis 2003 M. Soudijin – E. Tijhuis, “Some Perspectives on the Illicit Antiquities Trade in China”. Art Antiquity and Law 2/8 (2003) 149-165.
  • Tulay 2007 A. S. Tulay, Eski Eser Yağması Soygun-Hırsızlık Kaçakçılık Olayları ve Bir Müze Soygunu. İstanbul 2007.
  • Veres 2014 Z. Veres, The Fight Against Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property: The 1970 UNESCO Convention and the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention, Santa Clara Journal of International Law 12/2 (2014) 91-113.
  • Yates 2016 D. Yates, “The Global Traffic in Looted Cultural Objects”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology. Oxford 2016.
  • UNODC 2009 UNODC Protection Against Trafficking in Cultural Property, Meeting of the Expert Group on Protection Against Trafficking in Cultural Property. Vienna 2009.
  • UNESCO 2011 UNESCO The Fight Against The Illicit Trafficking Of Cultural Objects The 1970 Convention: Past And Future. Paris 2011.
  • Elektronik Kaynaklar Brodie 2012 N. Brodie. https://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/theory-and-method/ use-of-satellite-imagery-for-the-investigation-of-looted-archaeological-sites/ (Erişim Tarihi 10. 01.2019).
  • Brodie 2013 N. Brodie. https://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/theory-and-method/ surface-investigation-of-looted-archaeological-sites/ (Erişim Tarihi 10.01.2019).
  • Brodie 2014 N. Brodie. https://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/theory-and-method/media-investigations/, (Erişim Tarihi 10.01.2019).
  • EGM KOM 2011 Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Kaçakçılık ve Organize Suçlarla Mücadele Raporları, http://www.kom.pol.tr/Documents/Raporlar/2011tur.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi 27.05.2018).
  • Resmi Gazete 1973 Eski Eserler Kanunu, 06.05.1973, Sayı: 14527, https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ tutanaklar/KANUNLAR_KARARLAR/kanuntbmmc056/kanuntbmmc056/kanuntbmmc05601710.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 24.05.2019)
  • Resmi Gazete 1983 Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Kanunu, 23.07.1983, Sayı: 18113, Yayımlandığı Düstur: Tertip: 5 Cilt: 22,
  • http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18113.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 24.05.2019)
  • TAY Projesi Tahribat Raporu Türkiye Arkeolojik Yerleşmeleri Projesi. http://www.tayproject.org/rapor.html., http://www.tayproject.org/downloads/Rap/Tah_Rap_00_Mar.pdf, http://www.tayproject.org/downloads/Rap/Tah_Rap_01_Akd_GD.pdf, http://www.tayproject.org/downloads/Rap/Tah_Rap_02_IcAna.pdf, http://www.tayproject.org/downloads/Rap/Tah_Rap_08_Mar_Biz.pdf, http://www.tayproject.org/downloads/Rap/Tah_Rap_03_Kar_DAna.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 10.12.2018).
  • TAY Projesi Tahribat Raporu Akdeniz Bölgesi 2001
  • Türkiye Arkeolojik Yerleşmeleri Projesi. http://www.tayproject.org/down-loads/Rap/Tah_Rap_01_Akd_GD.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi 10.12.2018).
  • TBMM 1983 2863 sayılı Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıkları Koruma Kanunu, https://www.tbmm. gov.tr/tutanaklar/KANUNLAR_KARARLAR/kanuntbmmc066/kanundmc066/kanundmc06602863.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi 05.04.2019).
  • TC Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı 2018 http://kvmgm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-43336/muze-istatistikleri.html
  • http://kvmgm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-44973/turkiye-geneli-sit-alanlari-istatistikleri.html (Erişim Tarihi 22.05.2019).
  • Trafficking Culture 2019 https://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/theory-and-method/ (Erişim Tarihi 03.03.2019).
  • Trafficking Culture https://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/theory-and-method/surface-investigation-of-looted-archaeological-sites/. (Erişim Tarihi 20.12.2018).
  • Trafficking Culture https://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/theory-and-method/use-of-satellite-imagery-for-the-investigation-of-looted-archaeological-sites/ (Erişim Tarihi 20.12.2018).
  • Türk Dil Kurumu Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlüğü, http://sozluk.gov.tr/ (Erişim Tarihi 24.05.2019).
  • Yates – Brodie 2012 https://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/terminology/subsistence-digging/, (Erişim Tarihi 10.05.2018).

Kültür Varlıklarının Kaçakçılığı ve Arkeolojik Tahribat

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7, 607 - 625, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.201928

Öz

Tarihi
bir bütün olarak açıklama ve anlamada önemli kanıtlar sunan arkeolojik alanlar
ve kültür varlıkları her dö­nemde ekonomik gelişme, savaş ya da kaçak kazılar gibi
yıkıcı etkilerle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu etkilerden en önem­lisi ise kaçak
kazı problemidir. Problem tek taraflı bir oluşum değildir. Her ne kadar yasa
dışı ticarette pazarın arz tarafı önemli bir rol üstlense de talep tarafı da
piyasaya güçlü bir yön vermektedir. Problemin en önemli özelliği olan
gizliliği, kaçak kazıların boyutunu tespit edebilmede güçlük arz ederken diğer
taraftan da bu kazıların yarattığı yıkımı ölçmenin gerekliliğini daha önemli
hale getirmek­tedir. Kültür varlığı kaçakçılığı ve yasa dışı ticareti ile ço­ğunlukla
sınır aşan bir suç niteliği şeklini alması ve insanlı­ğın kültürel mirasına
geri dönüşü olmayan zarar vermesi, sorunun tespiti ve özellikle çözüm yolları
konusunda di­sip­linler arası çalışmaların gerekliliğini ortaya koymakta­dır.
Bu çalışma, kaçak kazı problemi ve ölçüm metotları, yasa dışı eski eser
ticaretine katılan kaçak kazıcılar, aracılar ve izledikleri yöntemler üzerine
yapılmıştır. Çalışma ile ayrıca kaçak kazı probleminin dünyanın genelinde bulun­du­ğunun
ancak Türkiye gibi zengin tarihi mirasa sahip ül­kelerin sorundan önemli ölçüde
etkilendiğinin görülmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Modern Literatür Alderman 2012 K. L. Alderman, “Honor Amongst Thieves: Organized Crime and the Illicit Antiquities Trade”. Indiana Law Review 45/3 (2012) 601-627.
  • Akkuş − Efe 2015 Z. Akkuş − T. Efe, “Türkiye’de Defineciliğin Kültürel Mirasın Korunması Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi”. Birey ve Toplum Dergisi 5/10 (2015) 105-131.
  • Bator 1982 P. M. Bator, “An Essay on the International Trade in Art”. Stanford Law Review 34/2 (1982) 275-384
  • Berkok 1990 N. Berkok, Eski Eser Kaçakçılığı, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 34/1-2 (1990) 325-339.
  • Bowman 2008 B. A. Bowman, “Transnational Crimes Against Culture: Looting at Archaeological Sites and the Grey Market in Antiquities”. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 24/3 (2008) 225-242.
  • Boz 2018 Z. Boz, Fighting the Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property, A Toolkit for European Judiciary and Law Enforcement, Published in 2018 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. UNESCO, Paris 2018.
  • Brodie et al. 2000 N. Brodie, J. Doole − P. Watson, Stealing History: The Illicit Trade in Cultural Material. Cambridge 2000.
  • Brodie 2003 N. Brodie, “Spoils of War”. Archaeology, ‘Spoils of War’, in The Archaeology of War (2003) 251-255.
  • Brodie 2010 N. Brodie, “Archaeological Looting and Economic Justice”. Eds. P. M. Messenger – G. S. Smith, Cultural Heritage Management, Policies and Issues in Global Perspective (2010) 261-277.
  • Brodie 2012 N. Brodie, “Uncovering the Antiquities Market”. Eds. R. Skeates, C. McDavid – J. Carman, The Oxford Handbook of Public Archaeology (2012) 230-252.
  • Campbell 2013 P. B. Campbell, “The Illicit Antiquities Trade as a Transnational Criminal Network: Characterizing and Anticipating Trafficking of Cultural Heritage”. International Journal of Cultural Property 20/2 (2013) 113-153.
  • Coggins 1972 C. C. Coggins, “Archaeology and the Art Market”. Science 175/ 4019 (1972) 263-266.
  • Contreras – Brodie 2010 D. A. Contreras – N. Brodie, “Shining Light on Looting Using Google Earth to Quantify Damage and Raise Public Awareness”. The SAA Archaeological Record 10/3 (2010) 30-33.
  • Mackenzie-Davis 2014 S. Mackenzie - T. Davis, “Temple Looting in Cambodia: Anatomy of Statue Trafficking Network”. British Journal of Criminology 54 (2014) 722-740.
  • Elia 1993 R. J Elia, “A Seductive and Troubling Work”. Archaeology 46/1 (1993) 64-69.
  • Elia 1997 R. J. Elia, “Looting, Collecting, and the Destruction of Archaeological Resources”. Nonrenewable Resources 6/2 (1997) 85-98.
  • Elia 2001 R. J. Elia, “Analysis of the Looting, Selling and Collecting of Apulian Red-Figure Vases: a Quantitative Approach” in Neil Brodie, Jennifer Doole, and Colin Renfrew (eds.), Trade in Illicit Antiquities: the Destruction of the World’s Archaeological Heritage (Cambridge: MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research), (2001)145-154.
  • Esin 1985 U. Esin, “Arkeolojide Kullanılan Arkeometrik Araştırmalara Genel Bir Bakış”. 1. Arkeometri Sonuçları Toplantısı (1985) 1-6.
  • Gutchen 1983 M. Gutchen, “The Destruction of Archaeological Resources in Belize, Central America”. Journal of Field Archaeolgy 10/2 (1983) 217-227.
  • Heath 1973 D. B. Heath, “Economic Aspects of Commercial Archaeology in Costa Rica”. American Antiquity 38/3 (1973) 259-265.
  • Hollowell-Zimmer 2002 J. Hollowel-Zimmer, “The Legal Market in Archaeological Materials From Alaska’s Bering Strait”. Revista de Arqueologìa Americana 21 (2002) 7-32.
  • Hollowell 2006 J. Hollowell, ‘Moral Arguments on Subsistence Digging’. Eds. Christopher Scarre and Geoffrey Scarre, The Ethics of Archaeology: Philosophical Perspectives on the Practice of Archaeology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 69-93.
  • Karaduman 2007 H. Karaduman, Türkiye’de Eski Eser Kaçakçılığı. Ankara 2007.
  • Kersel 2007 M. Kersel, “Transcending Borders: Objects on the Move, Archaeologies: Journal of the World Archaeological Congress”. Archaeologies 3/2 (2007) 81-98.
  • Lange 1976 F. W. Lange, “Costa Rica and the Subsistence Archaeologist”. Current Anthropology 17/2 (1976) 305-307.
  • Lunden 2012 S. Lunden, “Perspectives on Looting, The Illicit Antiquities Trade, Art and Heritage”. Art Antiquity and Law XVII/2 (2012) 109-134.
  • Matsuda 1998 D. Matsuda, “The Ethics of Archaeology, Subsistence Digging, and Artifact Looting in Latin America: Point and Muted Counterpoint”. International Journal of Cultural Property 7/1 (1998) 87-97.
  • Matsuda 2005 D. Matsuda, “Subsistence Diggers”. Ed. K. F. Gibbon, Who Owns the Past? Cultural Policy, Cultural Property, and the Law. Michigan (2005) 255-266.
  • Mackenzie 2006 S. Mackenzie, “Psychosocial Balance Sheets: Illicit Purchase Decisions in the Antiquities Market”. Current Issues in Criminal Justice 8/2 (2006) 221-240.
  • Mackenzie 2010 S. Mackenzie, “Trafficking Antiquities”. International Crime And Justice (2010) 141-147.
  • McCalister 2005 A. Mc Calister, “Organized Crime and the Theft of Iraqi Antiquities”. Trends in Organized Crime 9/1 (2005) 24-37.
  • Pendergast – Graham 1989 D. M Pendergast – E. Graham, “The Battle for the Maya Past: The Effects of International Looting and Collecting in Belize”. Ed. P. Messenger, The ethics of collecting, Albuquerque (1989) 51-60.
  • Proulx 2013 B. B. Proulx, “Archaeological Site Looting in "Glocal" Perspective: Nature, Scope, and Frequency”. American Journal of Archaeology 117/1 (2013) 111-125.
  • Pulhan 2008 G. Pulhan, Arkeolojik Varlıkların Talanı, Rezan Has Müzesi Konferansları II. Arkeoloji Mercek Altında. İstanbul 2008
  • Robinson 1984 J. Robinson, İktisat Felsefesi. Çev. V. Savaş. İstanbul 1984.
  • Rössler 2018 M. Rössler, World Heritage, Protection of Cultural Property Military Manual. France 2018.
  • Roosevelt – Luke 2006 C. H. Roosevelt – C. Luke, “Looting Lydia: The Destruction of an Archaeological Landscape in Western Turkey”. Eds. N. Brodie, M. Kersel, C. Luke – K. Walker Tubb, Archaeology, Cultural Heritage, and the Antiquities Trade. Florida (2006) 173-187.
  • Staley 1993 D. P. Staley, “St Lawrence Island’s Subsistence Diggers: a New Perspective on Human Effects on Archaeological Sites”. Journal of Field Archaeology 20 (1993) 347-355.
  • Stone 2008 E. C. Stone, “Patterns of Looting in Southern Iraq”. Antiquity 82/315 (2008) 125-138.
  • Soudijin – Tijhuis 2003 M. Soudijin – E. Tijhuis, “Some Perspectives on the Illicit Antiquities Trade in China”. Art Antiquity and Law 2/8 (2003) 149-165.
  • Tulay 2007 A. S. Tulay, Eski Eser Yağması Soygun-Hırsızlık Kaçakçılık Olayları ve Bir Müze Soygunu. İstanbul 2007.
  • Veres 2014 Z. Veres, The Fight Against Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property: The 1970 UNESCO Convention and the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention, Santa Clara Journal of International Law 12/2 (2014) 91-113.
  • Yates 2016 D. Yates, “The Global Traffic in Looted Cultural Objects”. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology. Oxford 2016.
  • UNODC 2009 UNODC Protection Against Trafficking in Cultural Property, Meeting of the Expert Group on Protection Against Trafficking in Cultural Property. Vienna 2009.
  • UNESCO 2011 UNESCO The Fight Against The Illicit Trafficking Of Cultural Objects The 1970 Convention: Past And Future. Paris 2011.
  • Elektronik Kaynaklar Brodie 2012 N. Brodie. https://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/theory-and-method/ use-of-satellite-imagery-for-the-investigation-of-looted-archaeological-sites/ (Erişim Tarihi 10. 01.2019).
  • Brodie 2013 N. Brodie. https://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/theory-and-method/ surface-investigation-of-looted-archaeological-sites/ (Erişim Tarihi 10.01.2019).
  • Brodie 2014 N. Brodie. https://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/theory-and-method/media-investigations/, (Erişim Tarihi 10.01.2019).
  • EGM KOM 2011 Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Kaçakçılık ve Organize Suçlarla Mücadele Raporları, http://www.kom.pol.tr/Documents/Raporlar/2011tur.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi 27.05.2018).
  • Resmi Gazete 1973 Eski Eserler Kanunu, 06.05.1973, Sayı: 14527, https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/ tutanaklar/KANUNLAR_KARARLAR/kanuntbmmc056/kanuntbmmc056/kanuntbmmc05601710.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 24.05.2019)
  • Resmi Gazete 1983 Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Kanunu, 23.07.1983, Sayı: 18113, Yayımlandığı Düstur: Tertip: 5 Cilt: 22,
  • http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/arsiv/18113.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 24.05.2019)
  • TAY Projesi Tahribat Raporu Türkiye Arkeolojik Yerleşmeleri Projesi. http://www.tayproject.org/rapor.html., http://www.tayproject.org/downloads/Rap/Tah_Rap_00_Mar.pdf, http://www.tayproject.org/downloads/Rap/Tah_Rap_01_Akd_GD.pdf, http://www.tayproject.org/downloads/Rap/Tah_Rap_02_IcAna.pdf, http://www.tayproject.org/downloads/Rap/Tah_Rap_08_Mar_Biz.pdf, http://www.tayproject.org/downloads/Rap/Tah_Rap_03_Kar_DAna.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 10.12.2018).
  • TAY Projesi Tahribat Raporu Akdeniz Bölgesi 2001
  • Türkiye Arkeolojik Yerleşmeleri Projesi. http://www.tayproject.org/down-loads/Rap/Tah_Rap_01_Akd_GD.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi 10.12.2018).
  • TBMM 1983 2863 sayılı Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıkları Koruma Kanunu, https://www.tbmm. gov.tr/tutanaklar/KANUNLAR_KARARLAR/kanuntbmmc066/kanundmc066/kanundmc06602863.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi 05.04.2019).
  • TC Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı 2018 http://kvmgm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-43336/muze-istatistikleri.html
  • http://kvmgm.ktb.gov.tr/TR-44973/turkiye-geneli-sit-alanlari-istatistikleri.html (Erişim Tarihi 22.05.2019).
  • Trafficking Culture 2019 https://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/theory-and-method/ (Erişim Tarihi 03.03.2019).
  • Trafficking Culture https://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/theory-and-method/surface-investigation-of-looted-archaeological-sites/. (Erişim Tarihi 20.12.2018).
  • Trafficking Culture https://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/theory-and-method/use-of-satellite-imagery-for-the-investigation-of-looted-archaeological-sites/ (Erişim Tarihi 20.12.2018).
  • Türk Dil Kurumu Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlüğü, http://sozluk.gov.tr/ (Erişim Tarihi 24.05.2019).
  • Yates – Brodie 2012 https://traffickingculture.org/encyclopedia/terminology/subsistence-digging/, (Erişim Tarihi 10.05.2018).
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Arkeoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Banu Özüşen Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6150-0234

Ertan Beceren 0000-0003-1314-5607

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Nisan 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 7

Kaynak Göster

APA Özüşen, B., & Beceren, E. (2019). Kültür Varlıklarının Kaçakçılığı ve Arkeolojik Tahribat. Cedrus, 7, 607-625. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.201928
AMA Özüşen B, Beceren E. Kültür Varlıklarının Kaçakçılığı ve Arkeolojik Tahribat. Cedrus. Haziran 2019;7:607-625. doi:10.13113/CEDRUS.201928
Chicago Özüşen, Banu, ve Ertan Beceren. “Kültür Varlıklarının Kaçakçılığı Ve Arkeolojik Tahribat”. Cedrus 7, Haziran (Haziran 2019): 607-25. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.201928.
EndNote Özüşen B, Beceren E (01 Haziran 2019) Kültür Varlıklarının Kaçakçılığı ve Arkeolojik Tahribat. Cedrus 7 607–625.
IEEE B. Özüşen ve E. Beceren, “Kültür Varlıklarının Kaçakçılığı ve Arkeolojik Tahribat”, Cedrus, c. 7, ss. 607–625, 2019, doi: 10.13113/CEDRUS.201928.
ISNAD Özüşen, Banu - Beceren, Ertan. “Kültür Varlıklarının Kaçakçılığı Ve Arkeolojik Tahribat”. Cedrus 7 (Haziran 2019), 607-625. https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.201928.
JAMA Özüşen B, Beceren E. Kültür Varlıklarının Kaçakçılığı ve Arkeolojik Tahribat. Cedrus. 2019;7:607–625.
MLA Özüşen, Banu ve Ertan Beceren. “Kültür Varlıklarının Kaçakçılığı Ve Arkeolojik Tahribat”. Cedrus, c. 7, 2019, ss. 607-25, doi:10.13113/CEDRUS.201928.
Vancouver Özüşen B, Beceren E. Kültür Varlıklarının Kaçakçılığı ve Arkeolojik Tahribat. Cedrus. 2019;7:607-25.

İlgili yılın sayısında en fazla 25 makale yayımlanır ve makale kabul tarihleri 15 Ekim ile 1 Mayıs arasındadır. 2024 yılı Ekim ayı itibariyle Cedrus sadece yabancı dilde makale kabul edecektir.