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Göç Olgusu Ekonomik Kalkınmada İtici Güç Olabilir Mi?

Year 2015, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 37 - 48, 31.01.2015

Munise Tuba Aktaş

Abstract

Ulusal ve uluslararası göç hareketlerini irdeleyen yaklaşımlar esas itibarıyla göçün ülke ekonomilerine etkileri üzerinde yoğunlaşmışlardır. İktisat yazınında göç-kalkınma arasındaki ilişkiye yönelik çalışmalar 1950’li yıllara dek uzanmaktadır. Lewis’in (1954) sınırsız emek arzı ile kalkınma modelinde de kırsal kesimden modern kesime işgücünün aktarılmasıyla kalkınma süreci başlamaktadır. Neo-klasik göç teorisi göçün olumlu etkilerini öne çıkararak iyimser bakış açısını; göçün olumsuzluklarına yoğunlaşan bağımlılık ve yapısalcı yaklaşım da kötümser bakış açısını temsil etmektedir. Bu eksende genel olarak göç-kalkınma ilişkisine dönük iyimserliğin petrol krizi öncesi dönemde yaşandığı; kötümser görüşlerin ise petrol krizi sonrası dönemde (1973-1990)hakim olduğu ifade edilebilir. Göçe yönelik iyimserliğin 1990’lı ve özellikle 2000’li yıllarda tekrar ortaya çıktığı ve eleştiri oklarını yeniden üzerine çektiği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada temel amaç, uluslararası göç-kalkınma konusundaki görüş ve düşünceleri öncü teorik yaklaşımlara dayalı olarak ve bu alandaki güncel tartışmaları da göz önünde bulundurarak değerlendirmektir. Ayrıca çalışma bu alana ilişkin yeni ya da pek üzerinde durulmayan araştırma ve çalışma konularına da dikkat çekmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Literatürdeki çalışmalar incelendiğinde, göç-kalkınma ilişkisinde işçi dövizleri, diyaspora, beyin göçü (brain-drain) ya da beyin dolaşımı (brain circulation), bilgi ve teknoloji transferi, döngüsel göç gibi konuların ön plana çıkarıldığı ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerden gelişmiş ülkelere yönelen göç akımına odaklanıldığı görülmektedir. Ancak bu çalışma özellikle insani kalkınma göç ilişkisini ele alacak şekilde göçün kalkınma açısından etkisinin daha geniş bir bakış açısıyla ele alınması gerekliliğine vurgu yapmıştır. Dolayısıyla çalışmada göç-kalkınma ilişkisinin tüm boyutlarıyla ele alınması gereken bir olgu olmasına dikkat çekilmekte ve göçün ulusal kalkınmanın tek başına itici gücü olmayacağı buna karşılık kalkınma ve insani kalkınma üzerinde bazı olumlu etkiler yaratabileceği dile getirilmektedir. Bu çalışma göç kalkınma ilişkisini yeni yaklaşımları içerecek şekilde yeniden gündeme getirerek ve son dönemdeki gelişmeleri de açığa çıkararak literatüre katkı yapmayı hedeflemektedir.

Keywords

Göç Kalkınma Beyin Göçü İşçi Dövizleri İnsani Kalkınma

References

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  • Beine, M.,Docquier, F.,Rapoport, H. (2008). “Brain Drainand Human
  • WinnersandLosers”, EconomicJournal, Vol.118 in DevelopingCountries: Beine, M.,Docquier F.,Oden-Defoort, C, (2011). "A Panel Data
  • Analysis of the Brain Gain," World Development, Vol. 39 (4) Berry, R.A. &Soligo, R. (1969). “SomeWelfareAspects of
  • International Migration”,Journal of PoliticalEconomy 77. Black, PovertyReductionStrategiesand Human Development ResearchPaper 2009/38. New York: United
  • Nations Development Programme. (2009). “Migration, Development”, Human
  • Castles, S. (2008).“Development and Migration-Migration and Development:
  • SocialScienceResearchCouncil Conference Migration and Development: FutureDirectionsforResearchandPolicy 28 February – 1 March 2008-02-09, New York City. First”,
  • De Haas, H. (2007). Migration and Development: A
  • TheoreticalPerspective, WorkingPapers – Center on Migration, Citizenshipand Development; 29 COMCAD, , De Haas, H. (2010).“Migration and Development: A
  • TheoreticalReview”, International Migration Review, 44(1): 227- Dişbudak, C. (2004). “Uluslararası Göç ve Türkiye Ekonomisi”,
  • İktisat, İşletme ve FinansDegisi, Mali ve Ekonomik Sorunlara Yönelik Aylık Yayın, Yıl 19, Sayı 217, Nisan Djajic, S.&Michael, S. M., (2014), “International Migration of
  • SkilledWorkerswithEndogenousPolicies”, CESifoWorkingPaper Series No. 4748
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  • Drinkwater, S; Levine, P.;Lotti, E.,Pearlman, J. (2003). “TheEconomicImpact
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  • Fukuda-Parr, S. (2003).“The Human Development Paradigm:
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  • "TheMicroeconomicDeterminants of Emigrationand Return Migration of the Best andBrightest: Evidencefromthe Pacific," Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 95 (1) (2011).
  • Harris, J. R. &Todaro, M. P. (1970). "Migration,
  • Unemployment, and Development: A Two-sector Analysis." AmericanEconomicReview 60 Hirschman, A. O.(2003). “Kalkınma İktisadının Yükselişi ve Gerilemesi”, Kalkınma İktisadı Yükselişi ve Gerilemesi içinde, Der. ve Yay. Haz. Fikret Şenses, İstanbul,İletişim Yayınları. International
  • (2012).Developing a BroadMapforEngagingDiasporas in
  • Development, A HandbookforPolicymakersandPractitioners in Home and Host Countries, Retrivedfrom IOM Online: http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/Diaspora_Handboo k_EN_For_Web_28May2013.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 18Kasım 2014
  • International Organizationfor Migration (IOM).(2013),World
  • Migration Report 2013, Migrant, Well-Beingand Development, IOM: Switzerland
  • Johnson, H.G. (1967). “SomeEconomicAspects of the Brain
  • Drain”. Pakistani Development Review7:379-411. Kapur, D. (2004). “Remittances: The New Development
  • Mantra?”, G-24 DiscussionPaper Series, No.29, United Nations Conference on Tradeand Development, UN: New York andGeneva. Lewis, withUnlimitedSupplies of Labor", The Manchester School of EconomicandSocialStudies 22: 139-191. Development Mountford, A. (1997). “Can a Brain Drain be GoodforGrowth in the Source Economy?”, Journal of Development Economics, 53
  • Newland, K. (2009).Circular Migration and Human
  • Development”, UNDP, Human Development ResearchPaper, /42 Özyakışır, D.(2013).Göç, Kuram ve Bölgesel Bir Uygulama,
  • Ankara, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic.Ltd., Şti. Piper, N.(2009).“GuestEditorialTheComplexInterconnections of the Migration-Development Nexus: A SocialPerspective”,
  • Population, Space andPlace 15, 93-101, (Publishedonline in WileyInterscine) PeaceResearchInstitute (2010).Participation of Diasporas in Peacebuildingand Development,
  • HandbookforPractitionarsandPolicymakers,PeaceResearchIns tituteRetrivedfromOslo http://www.prio.org/Publications/Publication/?x=7305, Erişim Tarihi: 19 Eylül 2014 (PRIO) Report A Online:
  • Rajan, S. I. (2012). “Editorial”, Migration and Development, Vol , No. 1
  • Ranis, G.&Fei, J.C. H., (1961). "A Theory of Economic
  • Development." AmericanEconomicReview, Vol 51, No. 4 Ravenstein, E. G. (1889). “TheLaws of Migration”, Journal of theRoyal Statistical Society52, no. 2, June
  • Rivera-Batiz, F. L. (1982). “International Migration, Non- tradedGoodsandEconomicWelfare in the Source Country”,
  • Journal of Development Economics 11 Rotte, R.&Vogler, M. (1999), “TheEffects of Development on
  • Migration: TheoreticalIssuesand New EmpiricalEvidence”, IZA DiscussionPaper No.46. Smith, S. (2003).LabourEconomics, Second Edition, Routledge Taylor and Francis
  • Group, London ve New York. Stark, O. &Bloom E. D. (1985). “The New Economics of Labour
  • Migration”, TheAmericanEconomicReview, Vol 75, No 2, 173-178 Straubhaar, theHighlySkilled: Brain Gain, Brain Drainor Brain Exchange, HWWA DiscussionPaper, No. 88 Mobility of SØrensen, N. N., Van Hear N.,Engberg-Pedersen, P. (2003).
  • “Migration, Development andConflict: State of the Art Overwiew”, The Migration Development Nexus, IOM Taylor, A. M., (1999). “Sources of Convergence in theLateNineteenth Century”, EuropeanEconomicReview, 43.
  • Taylor, J. E.,Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Massey S., D.; Pellegrino, A., (1996).“International Migration andNational
  • Development”, Population Index 62(2), Summer Thomas, B. (1968).Europe'sPostwarGrowth. The Role of
  • LaborSupply. by C. P. KindlebergerReviewby: Brinley Thomas TheEconomicJournal, Vol. 78, No. 309 United Development(UNCTAD). Development Remittances,Retrivedfromhttp://unctad.org/en/docs/ditctncd2 d8_en.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 18 Eylül 2014 on Tradeand (2013).MaximixingThe Impact of
  • United Nations, The United Nations PopulationFund (UNFPA).Migration: A World on theMove: Populationand Development, RetrivedfromUnited Nations UNFPA Online: http://www.unfpa.org, Erişim Tarihi: 22 Eylül 2014
  • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (1990).
  • Human Development Report 1990, New York: Oxford UniversityPress. United
  • (2009).Human Development Report 2009,OvercomingBarriers:
  • Human Mobilityand Development, Newyork: UNDP. United Nations (UN).(2004).World EconomicandSocialSurvey,
  • International Migration, NewYork. US CitizenshipandImmigration Services, Characteristics of H1B SpecialtyOccupationWorkers, FiscalYear 2012 Annual Report toCongressOctober 1, 2011-September 30, 2012, Retrivedfrom U.S.
  • Online:http://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Resour ces/Reports%20and%20Studies/H-1B/h1b-fy-12- characteristics.pdf.Erşim Tarihi: 16 Eylül 2014 (2012).U.S.
  • CitizenshipandImmigration Services Wolburg, M.(2000). On Brain Drain, Brain Gainand Brain
  • Exchange within Europe,PhD-Thesis, HWWA-Hamburg. World Bank (WB). (2006).Global EconomicProspects 2006:
  • Implications of Remittancesand Migration, World Bank: Washington, DC. World Bank (WB) (2011).Migration andRemittancesFactbook, Second
  • BankOnline:http://siteresources.worldbank.org/, Tarihi: 17 Eylül 2014, ,RetrivedfromWorld Erişim Yıldırım-Mızrak,
  • Makroekonomik Etkileri, Ülke Örnekleri ve Türkiye”, İktisat, İşletme ve Finans Dergisi, Ağustos “Hollanda Hastalığı:

Could The Phenomenon of Immigration Be The Driving Force For Economic Development?

Year 2015, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 37 - 48, 31.01.2015

Munise Tuba Aktaş

Abstract

The approaches that study national and international immigration movements were concentrated on the effects of immigration on national economies. Studies on immigration–development relationship date back to 1950’s in economical literature. In the unlimited labor supply development model by Lewis (1954), the development process starts with the transfer of labor from rural areas to modern sectors. Neo-classical immigration theory represents the optimist point of view by highlighting the positive effects of immigration, while dependency and structuralism represent the pessimist point of view by concentrating on the negative effects of immigration. It could be stated that the optimism towards the immigration prevailed pre-oil shock period, while the pessimist views dominated the post oil shock era (1973–1990) in this axis.It was noted that the optimism for immigration resurfaced during 1990’s and especially in 2000’s and became the target of criticism. The main objective of this study is to evaluate views of opinions on the international immigration–development based on pioneering theoretical approaches and current discussions on the subject matter. Furthermore, the study aims to draw attention to new and unpopular topics of research in the field. Literature review demonstrates that subjects such as immigrant worker funds, diaspora, brain-drain or brain circulation, information and technology transfer, cyclical immigration were stressed in immigration–development relationship and the focus was on the flow of immigration from developing countries to the developed countries. However, this study stressed on the need for a broader point of view to consider the effects of immigration on development by scrutinizing the relationship between human development and immigration. Thus, it was emphasized in the study that the immigration-development relationship should be considered with all its related dimensions and immigration could not be the sole driving force for the national development, however it could provide certain positive effects on development and human development. This study aims to contribute to the literature by re-establishing immigration development relationship to include new approaches and by revealing the latest developments.

Keywords

İmmigration Development Brain-drain Worker Funds Human Development

References

  • Beine, DrainandEconomicGrowth: TheoryandEvidence”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 64 H. (2001).“Brain
  • Beine, M.,Docquier, F.,Rapoport, H. (2008). “Brain Drainand Human
  • WinnersandLosers”, EconomicJournal, Vol.118 in DevelopingCountries: Beine, M.,Docquier F.,Oden-Defoort, C, (2011). "A Panel Data
  • Analysis of the Brain Gain," World Development, Vol. 39 (4) Berry, R.A. &Soligo, R. (1969). “SomeWelfareAspects of
  • International Migration”,Journal of PoliticalEconomy 77. Black, PovertyReductionStrategiesand Human Development ResearchPaper 2009/38. New York: United
  • Nations Development Programme. (2009). “Migration, Development”, Human
  • Castles, S. (2008).“Development and Migration-Migration and Development:
  • SocialScienceResearchCouncil Conference Migration and Development: FutureDirectionsforResearchandPolicy 28 February – 1 March 2008-02-09, New York City. First”,
  • De Haas, H. (2007). Migration and Development: A
  • TheoreticalPerspective, WorkingPapers – Center on Migration, Citizenshipand Development; 29 COMCAD, , De Haas, H. (2010).“Migration and Development: A
  • TheoreticalReview”, International Migration Review, 44(1): 227- Dişbudak, C. (2004). “Uluslararası Göç ve Türkiye Ekonomisi”,
  • İktisat, İşletme ve FinansDegisi, Mali ve Ekonomik Sorunlara Yönelik Aylık Yayın, Yıl 19, Sayı 217, Nisan Djajic, S.&Michael, S. M., (2014), “International Migration of
  • SkilledWorkerswithEndogenousPolicies”, CESifoWorkingPaper Series No. 4748
  • Doğaner-Gönel, F. (2010). Kalkınma Ekonomisi, Ankara, Efil Yayınevi.
  • Drinkwater, S; Levine, P.;Lotti, E.,Pearlman, J. (2003). “TheEconomicImpact
  • FlowenlaDiscussionPaper International Economics of , Hamburg Institute of EuropeanCommission Development Impact of Migration, The EU Contributionfort he UN DialogueandNextStepsTowardsBroadeningthe Development- Migration Retrivedfromhttp://ec.europa.eu/dgs/homeaffairs/elibrary/do cuments/policies/immigration/general/docs/maximising_the_ development_impact_of_migration.pdf,Erişim Haziran 2014 (EC). (2013).Maximisingthe High-Level Nexus. EuropeanCommission. Tarihi:
  • Fukuda-Parr, S. (2003).“The Human Development Paradigm:
  • OperationalizingSen'sIdeas Economics, 9:2 on Capabilities”, Feminist Gamlen, A. (2014). “The New Migration and Development Pessimism”, http://phg.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/01/23/0309132513 , Erişim Tarihi, 20 Mayıs 2014 Online: Gibson,
  • "TheMicroeconomicDeterminants of Emigrationand Return Migration of the Best andBrightest: Evidencefromthe Pacific," Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 95 (1) (2011).
  • Harris, J. R. &Todaro, M. P. (1970). "Migration,
  • Unemployment, and Development: A Two-sector Analysis." AmericanEconomicReview 60 Hirschman, A. O.(2003). “Kalkınma İktisadının Yükselişi ve Gerilemesi”, Kalkınma İktisadı Yükselişi ve Gerilemesi içinde, Der. ve Yay. Haz. Fikret Şenses, İstanbul,İletişim Yayınları. International
  • (2012).Developing a BroadMapforEngagingDiasporas in
  • Development, A HandbookforPolicymakersandPractitioners in Home and Host Countries, Retrivedfrom IOM Online: http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/free/Diaspora_Handboo k_EN_For_Web_28May2013.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 18Kasım 2014
  • International Organizationfor Migration (IOM).(2013),World
  • Migration Report 2013, Migrant, Well-Beingand Development, IOM: Switzerland
  • Johnson, H.G. (1967). “SomeEconomicAspects of the Brain
  • Drain”. Pakistani Development Review7:379-411. Kapur, D. (2004). “Remittances: The New Development
  • Mantra?”, G-24 DiscussionPaper Series, No.29, United Nations Conference on Tradeand Development, UN: New York andGeneva. Lewis, withUnlimitedSupplies of Labor", The Manchester School of EconomicandSocialStudies 22: 139-191. Development Mountford, A. (1997). “Can a Brain Drain be GoodforGrowth in the Source Economy?”, Journal of Development Economics, 53
  • Newland, K. (2009).Circular Migration and Human
  • Development”, UNDP, Human Development ResearchPaper, /42 Özyakışır, D.(2013).Göç, Kuram ve Bölgesel Bir Uygulama,
  • Ankara, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic.Ltd., Şti. Piper, N.(2009).“GuestEditorialTheComplexInterconnections of the Migration-Development Nexus: A SocialPerspective”,
  • Population, Space andPlace 15, 93-101, (Publishedonline in WileyInterscine) PeaceResearchInstitute (2010).Participation of Diasporas in Peacebuildingand Development,
  • HandbookforPractitionarsandPolicymakers,PeaceResearchIns tituteRetrivedfromOslo http://www.prio.org/Publications/Publication/?x=7305, Erişim Tarihi: 19 Eylül 2014 (PRIO) Report A Online:
  • Rajan, S. I. (2012). “Editorial”, Migration and Development, Vol , No. 1
  • Ranis, G.&Fei, J.C. H., (1961). "A Theory of Economic
  • Development." AmericanEconomicReview, Vol 51, No. 4 Ravenstein, E. G. (1889). “TheLaws of Migration”, Journal of theRoyal Statistical Society52, no. 2, June
  • Rivera-Batiz, F. L. (1982). “International Migration, Non- tradedGoodsandEconomicWelfare in the Source Country”,
  • Journal of Development Economics 11 Rotte, R.&Vogler, M. (1999), “TheEffects of Development on
  • Migration: TheoreticalIssuesand New EmpiricalEvidence”, IZA DiscussionPaper No.46. Smith, S. (2003).LabourEconomics, Second Edition, Routledge Taylor and Francis
  • Group, London ve New York. Stark, O. &Bloom E. D. (1985). “The New Economics of Labour
  • Migration”, TheAmericanEconomicReview, Vol 75, No 2, 173-178 Straubhaar, theHighlySkilled: Brain Gain, Brain Drainor Brain Exchange, HWWA DiscussionPaper, No. 88 Mobility of SØrensen, N. N., Van Hear N.,Engberg-Pedersen, P. (2003).
  • “Migration, Development andConflict: State of the Art Overwiew”, The Migration Development Nexus, IOM Taylor, A. M., (1999). “Sources of Convergence in theLateNineteenth Century”, EuropeanEconomicReview, 43.
  • Taylor, J. E.,Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Massey S., D.; Pellegrino, A., (1996).“International Migration andNational
  • Development”, Population Index 62(2), Summer Thomas, B. (1968).Europe'sPostwarGrowth. The Role of
  • LaborSupply. by C. P. KindlebergerReviewby: Brinley Thomas TheEconomicJournal, Vol. 78, No. 309 United Development(UNCTAD). Development Remittances,Retrivedfromhttp://unctad.org/en/docs/ditctncd2 d8_en.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 18 Eylül 2014 on Tradeand (2013).MaximixingThe Impact of
  • United Nations, The United Nations PopulationFund (UNFPA).Migration: A World on theMove: Populationand Development, RetrivedfromUnited Nations UNFPA Online: http://www.unfpa.org, Erişim Tarihi: 22 Eylül 2014
  • United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (1990).
  • Human Development Report 1990, New York: Oxford UniversityPress. United
  • (2009).Human Development Report 2009,OvercomingBarriers:
  • Human Mobilityand Development, Newyork: UNDP. United Nations (UN).(2004).World EconomicandSocialSurvey,
  • International Migration, NewYork. US CitizenshipandImmigration Services, Characteristics of H1B SpecialtyOccupationWorkers, FiscalYear 2012 Annual Report toCongressOctober 1, 2011-September 30, 2012, Retrivedfrom U.S.
  • Online:http://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/USCIS/Resour ces/Reports%20and%20Studies/H-1B/h1b-fy-12- characteristics.pdf.Erşim Tarihi: 16 Eylül 2014 (2012).U.S.
  • CitizenshipandImmigration Services Wolburg, M.(2000). On Brain Drain, Brain Gainand Brain
  • Exchange within Europe,PhD-Thesis, HWWA-Hamburg. World Bank (WB). (2006).Global EconomicProspects 2006:
  • Implications of Remittancesand Migration, World Bank: Washington, DC. World Bank (WB) (2011).Migration andRemittancesFactbook, Second
  • BankOnline:http://siteresources.worldbank.org/, Tarihi: 17 Eylül 2014, ,RetrivedfromWorld Erişim Yıldırım-Mızrak,
  • Makroekonomik Etkileri, Ülke Örnekleri ve Türkiye”, İktisat, İşletme ve Finans Dergisi, Ağustos “Hollanda Hastalığı:
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA43VH57MY
Journal Section Review Article
Authors

Munise Tuba Aktaş

Publication Date January 31, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015Volume: 7 Issue: 1

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APA Aktaş, M. T. (2015). Göç Olgusu Ekonomik Kalkınmada İtici Güç Olabilir Mi?. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 37-48.
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