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The Relationship between Democracy and Environmental Degradation: Panel Data Analysis on E-20 Countries

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 60 - 80, 30.06.2022

Öz

Environmental degradation occurs as an important problem that makes its impact felt day by day and affects all of humanity. Increased carbon emissions threaten human life and environmental sustainability. Factors such as industrialization, deforestation, unconscious and excessive use of resources increase environmental degradation. It is envisaged that environmental degradation will be combated in a democratic management approach where strong institutional structures, good governance and freedom of association exist. A democratic system in which freedom of information is established will also increase the environmental awareness of individuals. Increasing environmental awareness will increase environmental quality and reduce environmental degradation. It is aimed in this study to look into the relationship between democracy and environmental degradation. In accordance with the stated purpose, panel data analysis was carried out using data covering the period 2006-2019 in the E-20 countries. The Democracy Index published by The Economist was used as an indicator of democracy, while carbon emissions (metric tons per capita) were used as an indicator of environmental degradation. In addition, control variables such as GDP per capita, foreign direct investments, the share of the urban population in the total population and the ratio of trade openness were included in the study. It has been found as a result of the analysis that environmental degradation decreases as the level of democratization increases in the E-20 countries.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, S., Adom, P.K. and Klobodu, E.K.M. (2016). Urbanization, Regime Type and Durability, and Environmental Degradation in Ghana. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 23, 23825–23839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7513-4
  • Adams, S., and Klobodu, E. K. M. (2017). Urbanization, Democracy, Bureaucratic Quality, and Environmental Degradation. Journal of Policy Modeling, 39(6), 1035–1051. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2017.04.006
  • Atay Polat, M. and Çuhadar, P. (2021). Demokrasi ve Yenilenebilir Enerjinin Çevre Kirliliği Üzerine Etkisi: Görünürde İlişkisiz Regresyon Analizi. OPUS–Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18(41), 3329-3361. DOI: 10.26466/opus.888826.
  • Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Driha, O. M., Halkos, G. and Mishra, S. (2021). Influence of Growth and Urbanization on CO2 Emissions: The Moderating Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Energy Use in BRICS. Sustainable Development, https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2240
  • Barrett, S. and Graddy, K. (2000). Freedom, Growth, and the Environment. Environment and Development Economics, 5(04), 433–456
  • Bourque, C.P.A., Cox, R.M., Allen, D.J., Arp, P.A. and Meng, F.R. (2005). Spatial Extent of Winter Thaw Events in Eastern North America: Historical Weather Records in Relation to Yellow Birch Decline. Global Change Biology, 11(9): 1477-1492
  • Chopra, R. (2016). Environmental Degradation in India: Causes and Consequences. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, Vol: 11, No: 6, pp. 1593-1601.
  • Congleton, R.D. (1992). Political Institutions and Pollution Control. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 74(3), 412-421.
  • Çoban, M. N. (2019). Demokrasi ve Refah: AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Diamond, L. (2004). What is Democracy? http://www.standard. edu ∼/diamond/Iraq/whalsDemocracy012004.htm. Accessed: 01.02.2022
  • Dryzek, J. S. (1987). Rational Ecology: Environment and Political Economy. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Farzin, Y.H. and Bond, C. (2006). Democracy and Environmental Quality. Journal of Development Economics, 81 (1), 213–235.
  • Fredriksson, P.G., Neumayer, E., Damania R., and Gates, S. (2005). Environmentalism, Democracy, and Pollution Control. Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management, 49(2):343–365
  • Gallagher, G. P. and Thacker, S. C. (2008). Democracy, Income and Environmental Qualit., Working Paper no. 164, Political Economy and Research Institute, University of Massachusetts.
  • Glenn, N. D. and Shelton, B. A. (1983). Pre-adult Background Variables and Divorce: A Note of Caution About Overreliance on Explained Variance. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45: 405-410.
  • Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, 162: 1243-1248.
  • Harting, M. (2021). Looking Back and Ahead: Eventful Decades for Emerging Markets, Alliance Bernstein. https://www.alliancebernstein.com/library/looking-back-and-ahead-eventful-decades-for-emerging-markets.htm#, Accessed: 25.01.2022.
  • Haseeb, M., and Azam, M. (2021). Dynamic Nexus Among Tourism, Corruption, Democracy and Environmental Degradation: a Panel Data Investigation. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 5557-5575, doi:10.1007/s10668-020-00832-9.
  • Heilbronner, R. L. (1974). An Inquiry into the Human Prospect. New York: Norton.
  • Hotunluoğlu, H. and Yılmaz, G. S. (2018). Demokrasi Karbondioksit Emisyonu İçin Önemli Mi? Türkiye İçin Bir Uygulama. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 133-141.
  • Iwińska, K. Kampas, A. and Longhurst, K. (2019). Interactions Between Democracy and Environmental Quality: Toward a More Nuanced Understanding. Sustainability, 11:1–17
  • Kim, Y., Kim, S., Baek, J., and Heo, E. (2018). The Linkages Between Democracy and the Environment: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries. Energy & Environment, 0958305X1881363. doi:10.1177/0958305x18813637
  • Li, Q. and Reuveny, R., (2006). Democracy and Environmental Degradation. International Studies Quarterly, 50(4), 935.
  • Mak Arvin, B., and Lew, B. (2011). Does Democracy Affect Environmental Quality in Developing Countries? Applied Economics, 43, 1151–1160. doi:10.1080/00036840802600277
  • Malcolm, J.R. and Pitelka, L. (2000). Ecosystems & Global Climate Change: A Review of Potential Impacts on US Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversity. Arlington: Pew Center on Global Climate Change.
  • Maurya, P. K., Ali, S. A., Ahmad, A., Zhou, Q., Castro, J. S., Khan, E. and Ali, H. (2020). An Introduction to Environmental Degradation: Causes, Consequence and Mitigation. In: Environmental Degradation: Causes and Remediation Strategies, DOI: 10.26832/aesa-2020-edcrs-01
  • McGuirk, A. and Driscoll, P. (1995). The Hot Air in R2 and Consistent Measures of Explained Variation. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77: 319-328
  • Midlarsky, M.I. (1998). Democracy and the Environment: An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Peace Research, 35(3), 341-361
  • Moksony, G. (1999). Small is Beautiful. The Use and Interpretation of R2 in Social Research. Szociológiai Szemle, Special issue. 130-138.
  • Neumayer, E. (2002). Do Democracies Exhibit Stronger International Environmental Commitment? A Cross-Country Analysis. Journal of Peace Research, 39 (2). pp. 139-164. ISSN 0022-3433
  • Nwogu, G.A.I. (2015). Democracy: Its Meaning and Dissenting Opinions of the Political Class in Nigeria: A Philosophical Approach. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(4):131-142
  • Page, B.I. & Shapiro, R.Y. (1983). Effects of Public Opinion on Policy. The American Political Science Review, 77(1), 175-190.
  • Payne, R.A. (1995). Freedom and the Environment. Journal of Democracy, 6(3), 41-55.
  • Pellegrini, L., and Gerlagh, R. (2006). Corruption, Democracy, and Environmental Policy. The Journal of Environment and Development 15(3): 332–354
  • Romuald, K. S. (2011). Democratic Institutions and Environmental Quality: Effects and Transmission Channels. In 2011 International congress, August 30–September 2, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland (No. 120396). European Association of Agricultural Economists.
  • Scruggs, L. (2009). Democracy and environmental protection: an empirical analysis. Annual Meeting of The Midwest Political Science Association 67th Annual National Conference. The Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, Illinois
  • Sjöstedt, M., and Jagers, S. C. (2014). Democracy and The Environment Revisited: The Case of African Fisheries. Marine Policy, 43, 143–148. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2013.05.007
  • Sorge, L. and Neumann, A. (2019). The Impact of Population, Affluence, Technology, and Urbanization on CO2 Emissions across Income Groups. Discussion Papers, 1812, DIW Berlin.
  • Suhrke, A. (1993). Pressure Points: Environmental Degradation, Migration and Conflict. American Academy of Art and Science, Cambridge, MA
  • Torras, M., and Boyce, J.K. (1998). Income, Inequality, and Pollution: A Reassessment of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Ecological Economics, 25(2), 147-160
  • Ursavaş, N. (2021). Türkiye'de Demokrasinin Ekolojik Ayak İzi Üzerindeki Etkisi. Third Sector Social Economic Review, 56(4), 2745-2757.
  • Usman, O., Olanipekun, I.O., Iorember, P.T. and Abu-Goodman, M. (2020). Modelling Environmental Degradation in South Africa: The Effects of Energy Consumption, Democracy, and Globalization Using Innovation Accounting Tests. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 27, 8334–8349 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06687-6
  • Winslow, M. (2005). Is Democracy Good for the Environment? Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 48(5), 771–783. doi:10.1080/09640560500183074
  • You, W.H., Zhu, H.M., Yu, K., and Peng, C. (2015). Democracy, Financial Openness, and Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Heterogeneity Across Existing Emission Levels. World Development, 66, 189-207.
  • Zhang, N., Yu, K. and Chen, Z. (2017). How Does Urbanization Affect Carbon Dioxide Emissions? A cross-country panel data analysis. Energy Policy, Vol: 107, 678-687.

Demokrasi ve Çevresel Bozulma İlişkisi: E-20 Ülkeleri Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 60 - 80, 30.06.2022

Öz

Çevresel bozulma, günden güne etkisini hissettiren ve tüm insanlığı etkileyen önemli bir problem olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Artan karbon salınımı, insan hayatını ve çevresel sürdürülebilirliği tehdit etmektedir. Sanayileşme, ormansızlaşma, kaynakların bilinçsizce ve aşırı kullanımı gibi faktörler çevresel bozulmayı artırmaktadır.
Güçlü kurumsal yapıların, iyi yönetişimin ve örgütlenme özgürlüğünün mevcut olduğu demokratik bir yönetim anlayışında çevresel bozulma ile mücadele edileceği öngörülmektedir. Haber alma özgürlüğünün tesis edildiği demokratik bir sistem, aynı zamanda bireylerin çevresel farkındalıklarını da artıracaktır. Çevresel farkındalıkların artması, çevre kalitesinin artmasını sağlayacak ve çevresel bozulmayı azaltacaktır.
Bu çalışmada demokrasi ve çevresel bozulma arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Belirtilen amaç doğrultusunda E-20 ülkelerinde 2006-2019 dönemini kapsayan veriler kullanılarak panel veri analizi yapılmıştır. Demokrasi göstergesi olarak The Economist tarafından yayınlanan Demokrasi Endeksi, çevresel bozulma göstergesi olarak ise karbon emisyonu (kişi başına metrik ton) kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmaya kişi başına düşen GSYİH, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar, kentsel nüfusun toplam nüfus içindeki payı ve ticari açıklık oranı gibi kontrol değişkenleri dahil edilmiştir. Yapılan analiz neticesinde E-20 ülkelerinde demokratikleşme düzeyi arttıkça çevresel bozulmanın azaldığı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, S., Adom, P.K. and Klobodu, E.K.M. (2016). Urbanization, Regime Type and Durability, and Environmental Degradation in Ghana. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 23, 23825–23839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7513-4
  • Adams, S., and Klobodu, E. K. M. (2017). Urbanization, Democracy, Bureaucratic Quality, and Environmental Degradation. Journal of Policy Modeling, 39(6), 1035–1051. doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2017.04.006
  • Atay Polat, M. and Çuhadar, P. (2021). Demokrasi ve Yenilenebilir Enerjinin Çevre Kirliliği Üzerine Etkisi: Görünürde İlişkisiz Regresyon Analizi. OPUS–Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18(41), 3329-3361. DOI: 10.26466/opus.888826.
  • Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Driha, O. M., Halkos, G. and Mishra, S. (2021). Influence of Growth and Urbanization on CO2 Emissions: The Moderating Effect of Foreign Direct Investment on Energy Use in BRICS. Sustainable Development, https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2240
  • Barrett, S. and Graddy, K. (2000). Freedom, Growth, and the Environment. Environment and Development Economics, 5(04), 433–456
  • Bourque, C.P.A., Cox, R.M., Allen, D.J., Arp, P.A. and Meng, F.R. (2005). Spatial Extent of Winter Thaw Events in Eastern North America: Historical Weather Records in Relation to Yellow Birch Decline. Global Change Biology, 11(9): 1477-1492
  • Chopra, R. (2016). Environmental Degradation in India: Causes and Consequences. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, Vol: 11, No: 6, pp. 1593-1601.
  • Congleton, R.D. (1992). Political Institutions and Pollution Control. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 74(3), 412-421.
  • Çoban, M. N. (2019). Demokrasi ve Refah: AB Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
  • Diamond, L. (2004). What is Democracy? http://www.standard. edu ∼/diamond/Iraq/whalsDemocracy012004.htm. Accessed: 01.02.2022
  • Dryzek, J. S. (1987). Rational Ecology: Environment and Political Economy. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Farzin, Y.H. and Bond, C. (2006). Democracy and Environmental Quality. Journal of Development Economics, 81 (1), 213–235.
  • Fredriksson, P.G., Neumayer, E., Damania R., and Gates, S. (2005). Environmentalism, Democracy, and Pollution Control. Journal Of Environmental Economics And Management, 49(2):343–365
  • Gallagher, G. P. and Thacker, S. C. (2008). Democracy, Income and Environmental Qualit., Working Paper no. 164, Political Economy and Research Institute, University of Massachusetts.
  • Glenn, N. D. and Shelton, B. A. (1983). Pre-adult Background Variables and Divorce: A Note of Caution About Overreliance on Explained Variance. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45: 405-410.
  • Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons. Science, 162: 1243-1248.
  • Harting, M. (2021). Looking Back and Ahead: Eventful Decades for Emerging Markets, Alliance Bernstein. https://www.alliancebernstein.com/library/looking-back-and-ahead-eventful-decades-for-emerging-markets.htm#, Accessed: 25.01.2022.
  • Haseeb, M., and Azam, M. (2021). Dynamic Nexus Among Tourism, Corruption, Democracy and Environmental Degradation: a Panel Data Investigation. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23, 5557-5575, doi:10.1007/s10668-020-00832-9.
  • Heilbronner, R. L. (1974). An Inquiry into the Human Prospect. New York: Norton.
  • Hotunluoğlu, H. and Yılmaz, G. S. (2018). Demokrasi Karbondioksit Emisyonu İçin Önemli Mi? Türkiye İçin Bir Uygulama. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 133-141.
  • Iwińska, K. Kampas, A. and Longhurst, K. (2019). Interactions Between Democracy and Environmental Quality: Toward a More Nuanced Understanding. Sustainability, 11:1–17
  • Kim, Y., Kim, S., Baek, J., and Heo, E. (2018). The Linkages Between Democracy and the Environment: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries. Energy & Environment, 0958305X1881363. doi:10.1177/0958305x18813637
  • Li, Q. and Reuveny, R., (2006). Democracy and Environmental Degradation. International Studies Quarterly, 50(4), 935.
  • Mak Arvin, B., and Lew, B. (2011). Does Democracy Affect Environmental Quality in Developing Countries? Applied Economics, 43, 1151–1160. doi:10.1080/00036840802600277
  • Malcolm, J.R. and Pitelka, L. (2000). Ecosystems & Global Climate Change: A Review of Potential Impacts on US Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversity. Arlington: Pew Center on Global Climate Change.
  • Maurya, P. K., Ali, S. A., Ahmad, A., Zhou, Q., Castro, J. S., Khan, E. and Ali, H. (2020). An Introduction to Environmental Degradation: Causes, Consequence and Mitigation. In: Environmental Degradation: Causes and Remediation Strategies, DOI: 10.26832/aesa-2020-edcrs-01
  • McGuirk, A. and Driscoll, P. (1995). The Hot Air in R2 and Consistent Measures of Explained Variation. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77: 319-328
  • Midlarsky, M.I. (1998). Democracy and the Environment: An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Peace Research, 35(3), 341-361
  • Moksony, G. (1999). Small is Beautiful. The Use and Interpretation of R2 in Social Research. Szociológiai Szemle, Special issue. 130-138.
  • Neumayer, E. (2002). Do Democracies Exhibit Stronger International Environmental Commitment? A Cross-Country Analysis. Journal of Peace Research, 39 (2). pp. 139-164. ISSN 0022-3433
  • Nwogu, G.A.I. (2015). Democracy: Its Meaning and Dissenting Opinions of the Political Class in Nigeria: A Philosophical Approach. Journal of Education and Practice, 6(4):131-142
  • Page, B.I. & Shapiro, R.Y. (1983). Effects of Public Opinion on Policy. The American Political Science Review, 77(1), 175-190.
  • Payne, R.A. (1995). Freedom and the Environment. Journal of Democracy, 6(3), 41-55.
  • Pellegrini, L., and Gerlagh, R. (2006). Corruption, Democracy, and Environmental Policy. The Journal of Environment and Development 15(3): 332–354
  • Romuald, K. S. (2011). Democratic Institutions and Environmental Quality: Effects and Transmission Channels. In 2011 International congress, August 30–September 2, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland (No. 120396). European Association of Agricultural Economists.
  • Scruggs, L. (2009). Democracy and environmental protection: an empirical analysis. Annual Meeting of The Midwest Political Science Association 67th Annual National Conference. The Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, Illinois
  • Sjöstedt, M., and Jagers, S. C. (2014). Democracy and The Environment Revisited: The Case of African Fisheries. Marine Policy, 43, 143–148. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2013.05.007
  • Sorge, L. and Neumann, A. (2019). The Impact of Population, Affluence, Technology, and Urbanization on CO2 Emissions across Income Groups. Discussion Papers, 1812, DIW Berlin.
  • Suhrke, A. (1993). Pressure Points: Environmental Degradation, Migration and Conflict. American Academy of Art and Science, Cambridge, MA
  • Torras, M., and Boyce, J.K. (1998). Income, Inequality, and Pollution: A Reassessment of the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Ecological Economics, 25(2), 147-160
  • Ursavaş, N. (2021). Türkiye'de Demokrasinin Ekolojik Ayak İzi Üzerindeki Etkisi. Third Sector Social Economic Review, 56(4), 2745-2757.
  • Usman, O., Olanipekun, I.O., Iorember, P.T. and Abu-Goodman, M. (2020). Modelling Environmental Degradation in South Africa: The Effects of Energy Consumption, Democracy, and Globalization Using Innovation Accounting Tests. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 27, 8334–8349 . https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06687-6
  • Winslow, M. (2005). Is Democracy Good for the Environment? Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 48(5), 771–783. doi:10.1080/09640560500183074
  • You, W.H., Zhu, H.M., Yu, K., and Peng, C. (2015). Democracy, Financial Openness, and Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Heterogeneity Across Existing Emission Levels. World Development, 66, 189-207.
  • Zhang, N., Yu, K. and Chen, Z. (2017). How Does Urbanization Affect Carbon Dioxide Emissions? A cross-country panel data analysis. Energy Policy, Vol: 107, 678-687.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Mustafa Necati Çoban 0000-0003-2839-4403

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Mayıs 2022
Kabul Tarihi 27 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çoban, M. N. (2022). The Relationship between Democracy and Environmental Degradation: Panel Data Analysis on E-20 Countries. Munzur Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(1), 60-80.