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Conflict and Violence in Colombia: The Breaking Points in the Peace Process with the FARC

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 113 - 135, 13.09.2020

Öz

The violence in Colombia since the 1950s has generated more than 8 million victims and a phenomenon of internal conflict with different actors. Colombia has strived with drug trafficking, government corruption, social inequality, terror and violence for more than 50 years. This analysis covers the history of violence and peace deals with some guerrillas group, especially the final negotiation process with the FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) which some difficulties have not allowed a successful implementation of signed agreements. This literature-based study aims to outline the Colombian conflict from a historical perspective, evaluate the peace process with one of the longest-running terrorist organizations in the world, and the reasons for the problems encountered. This paper mainly focused on Colombian armed conflict by analyzing the roots, the ideological foundations, and the characteristics of the FARC and evaluated the peace process between the FARC and the Colombian government and revealed the recent peace process's vulnerabilities.

Kaynakça

  • Altmann Borbón, J., Beirute Brealey, T., Corporación Andina de Fomento, & FLACSO (Organization) (Eds.) (2011). Cooperación transfronteriza: De territorios de división a espacios de encuentro. Teseo: CAF; FLACSO.
  • Bailey, N.A. (1967). La Violencia in Colombia. Journal of Inter-American Studies, 9(4), 561-575.
  • Baysal, B. (2017). Constructing security in colombia: the case of FARC. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Bilkent University.
  • Buitrago Roa, L. M. (2016). La relación entre las FARC y el ELN: Guerra sin cuartel y confraternidad revolucionaría (2005-2010). [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá.
  • Bulmer-Thomas, V. (1995). The Economic History of Latin America since Independence.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 29-30.
  • Constitutional Court (C-080 / 2018). Statutory of the Administration of Justice in the Special Jurisdiction for Peace. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/english/Decision.php?IdPublicacion=9201
  • Cortés Rodas, F. (2020). Del arte de la paz: Reflexiones filosóficas sobre justicia transicional. Siglo del Hombre Editores.
  • Economist (2002, January 17) Colombia's peace process: The FARC's moment of truth. The Economist. Retrieved August 31, 2020, from https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2002/01/17/the-farcs-moment-of-truth
  • El Tiempo (2015, March 2014). Antonio Navarro, 25 años después de la paz del M-19. El Tiempo. Retrieved December, 29, 2019, from https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-15400179
  • FARC-EP (2005, December 30). Con Uribe no habrá intercambio humanitario. Secretariado Nacional de las FARC-EP. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://www.farc-ep.co/comunicado/con-uribe-no-habra-intercambio-humanitario.html
  • FARC-EP (n.d.). Quiénes somos y por qué luchamos. Retrieved September 8, 2020, from https://www.farc-ep.co/nosotros.html
  • Feldmann, A. E. (2018). Revolutionary Terror in the Colombian Civil War. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 41(10), 825-846.
  • García, J. D. (2017). Espacios Territoriales de Capacitacion y Reincorporacion, el fortin politico de la FARC? Revista Nova et Vetera. Retrieved June, 26, 2020, from https://www.urosario.edu.co/Revista-Nova-Et-Vetera/Vol-3-Ed-33/Omnia/Espacios-Territoriales-de-Capacitacion-y-Reincorpo/
  • Global Terrorism Database (n.d.). GTD 1970-2018. Retrieved April 1, 2020, from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/
  • Gutiérrez Ramírez, L. M. (2015). Yarım Asırlık Silahlı Çatışmanın Ardından Barışı Yaratmak Kolombiya’da Geçiş Adaleti Tartışmaları Üzerine İnceleme. (Çev. S. Köybaşı). Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi, 4(8), 85-105.
  • Holmes, J. S., De Piñeres, S. A. G., & Curtin, K. M. (2006). Drugs, Violence, and Development in Colombia: A Department-Level Analysis. Latin American Politics and Society, 48(3), 157-184.
  • Jurisdiccion Especial para la Paz [JEP] (2019). Structure. Retrieved June, 26, 2020, from https://www.jep.gov.co/Infografas/brochure.pdf
  • La Reintegración en cifras (2018). Agencia de la Reincorporación y Normalizacion. Retrieved June, 26, 2020, from http://www.reincorporacion.gov.co/es/la-reintegracion/Paginas/cifras.aspx
  • Lee, C. (2012). The FARC and the Colombian Left: Time for a Political Solution? Latin American Perspectives, 39(1), 28-42.
  • López-Uribe, M. P. and Sanchez Torres, F. (2018). On the Agrarian Origins of Civil Conflict in Colombia. LSE-Stanford-Universidad de los Andes Conference on Long-Run Development in Latin America, London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved January 8, 2020, from, http://www.lse.ac.uk/lacc/publications/PDFs/Sanchez- LopezUribe-OriginOfConflict-03-12-2017.pdf
  • McDermott, J. (2014, May 2). The BACRIM and Their Position in Colombia’s Underworld. InSight Crime. Retrieved September 8, 2020, from https://www.insightcrime.org/investigations/bacrim-and-their-position-in-colombia-underworld/
  • Melo, J. O. (2017). Historia mínima de Colombia (Primera edición). Turner Publicaciones, El Colegio de México.
  • Molano, A. (2000). The Evolution of the FARC: A Guerrilla Group’s Long History. The North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA) Report on the Americas, 34(2), 23-31. Retrieved January 8, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2000.11722627.
  • Müller, J-W. (2018). Popülizm Nedir? O. Yıldız (Trans.). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Oquist P.H (1980). Violence, Conflict and Politics in Colombia. New York, USA: Academic Press.
  • Özkan, M. (2018). Shaping peace processes: A comparison between Turkey and Colombia. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 16(4), 87-99.
  • Partido FARC (2017). Estatutos Del Partido. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://www.partidofarc.com.co/sites/default/files/ESTATUTOS%20DEL%20PARTIDO.pdf
  • Peace and Reconciliation Foundation (2019). Cada cuatro dias es asesinado un lider social. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://pares.com.co/2017/07/18/cada-cuatro-dias-es-asesinado-un-lider-social-fundacion-paz-y-reconciliacion/
  • Plazas-Díaz, F. A. (2017). Historia reciente y enseñanza del conflicto armado reciente y actual de Colombia en colegios y universidades del país. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Educativos, 13 (1), 179-200.
  • Portal para la paz (n.d.). Timeline. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from http://www.portalparalapaz.gov.co/en/publicaciones/820/time-line/
  • Radio Nacional de Colombia [RTVC] (2016). Aparece el movimiento 19 de abril. Retrieved January 3, 2019, from https://www.radionacional.co/linea-tiempo-paz/aparece-movimiento-19-abril
  • Rapoport, D. C. (2013). The Four Waves of Modern Terror: International Dimensions and Consequences. An International History of Terrorism: Western and Non-Western Experiences. Retrieved January 1, 2020, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286896869_The_four_waves_of_modern_terror_International_dimensions_and_consequences
  • Reincorporation and Normalization Agency [ARN]. (2019). Espacios Territoriales de Capacitación y Reincorporación (ETCR). Retrieved July 15, 2020, from http://www.reincorporacion.gov.co/es/reincorporacion/Documents/ETCR-simple-Pagina-WEB-06022019.pdf
  • Reyes, A. (2007). Paramilitares en Colombia: Contexto, Aliados y Consecuencias. Análisis Político, 12, 35-41.
  • Santos Calderón, J. M. (2019). La batalla por la paz: El largo camino para acabar el conflicto con la guerrilla más antigua del mundo. Bogotá, Colombia: Planeta Editorial.
  • Saskiewicz, Paul E (2005). The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia- People's Army (FARC-EP): Marxist-Leninist Insurgency or Criminal Enterprise. [Master's thesis]. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey California.
  • Semana (2014, July 10). Frank Pearl: “Uribe buscó diálogos directos y secretos con las FARC.” Semana. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/frank-pearl-uribe-busco-dialogos-directos-secretos-con-las-farc/405284-3
  • Semana (2019, June 23). Operacion Silencio. Semana. Retrieved June, 26, 2020, from https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/operacion-silencio-amenazas-y-presiones-sobre-los-militares-que-hablan-de-falsos-positivos-en-la-jep/620661
  • Semana (2020, August 11). Los cabos sueltos en el crimen de Dimar Torres. Semana. Retrieved August, 31, 2020, from https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/que-falta-todavia-en-el-proceso-de-dimar-torres/693533
  • Sierra, H. F. G., & Pérez, M. H. (2019). El prisma de la cooperación internacional hacia Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia Ediciones Unisalle. Stanford University (n.d.). Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia- People's Army. Retrieved January 5, 2020, from https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/print_view/89
  • Troyan, B. (2008). Ethnic Citizenship in Colombia: The Experience of the Regional Indigenous Council of the Cauca in Southwestern Colombia from 1970 to 1990. Latin American Research Review, 43(3), 166-191.
  • United Nations (2012). Guidance for Effective Mediation. Retrieved August 8, 2020, https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/GuidanceEffectiveMediation_UNDPA2012%28english%29_0.pdf
  • United Nations (2020). United Nations Verification Mission in Colombia. Retrieved September 8, 2020, from https://colombia.unmissions.org/en and https://undocs.org/en/S/2020/239
  • US Department of State (2001). Plan Colombia. Retrieved August 31, 2020, from https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/wha/rls/fs/2001/1042.htm
  • US Department of State (n.d.). Foreign Terrorist Organizations. Retrieved August 31, 2020, https://www.state.gov/foreign-terrorist-organizations/
Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 113 - 135, 13.09.2020

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Altmann Borbón, J., Beirute Brealey, T., Corporación Andina de Fomento, & FLACSO (Organization) (Eds.) (2011). Cooperación transfronteriza: De territorios de división a espacios de encuentro. Teseo: CAF; FLACSO.
  • Bailey, N.A. (1967). La Violencia in Colombia. Journal of Inter-American Studies, 9(4), 561-575.
  • Baysal, B. (2017). Constructing security in colombia: the case of FARC. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Bilkent University.
  • Buitrago Roa, L. M. (2016). La relación entre las FARC y el ELN: Guerra sin cuartel y confraternidad revolucionaría (2005-2010). [Doctoral dissertation]. Universidad Nacional de Colombia-Sede Bogotá.
  • Bulmer-Thomas, V. (1995). The Economic History of Latin America since Independence.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 29-30.
  • Constitutional Court (C-080 / 2018). Statutory of the Administration of Justice in the Special Jurisdiction for Peace. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/english/Decision.php?IdPublicacion=9201
  • Cortés Rodas, F. (2020). Del arte de la paz: Reflexiones filosóficas sobre justicia transicional. Siglo del Hombre Editores.
  • Economist (2002, January 17) Colombia's peace process: The FARC's moment of truth. The Economist. Retrieved August 31, 2020, from https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2002/01/17/the-farcs-moment-of-truth
  • El Tiempo (2015, March 2014). Antonio Navarro, 25 años después de la paz del M-19. El Tiempo. Retrieved December, 29, 2019, from https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-15400179
  • FARC-EP (2005, December 30). Con Uribe no habrá intercambio humanitario. Secretariado Nacional de las FARC-EP. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://www.farc-ep.co/comunicado/con-uribe-no-habra-intercambio-humanitario.html
  • FARC-EP (n.d.). Quiénes somos y por qué luchamos. Retrieved September 8, 2020, from https://www.farc-ep.co/nosotros.html
  • Feldmann, A. E. (2018). Revolutionary Terror in the Colombian Civil War. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 41(10), 825-846.
  • García, J. D. (2017). Espacios Territoriales de Capacitacion y Reincorporacion, el fortin politico de la FARC? Revista Nova et Vetera. Retrieved June, 26, 2020, from https://www.urosario.edu.co/Revista-Nova-Et-Vetera/Vol-3-Ed-33/Omnia/Espacios-Territoriales-de-Capacitacion-y-Reincorpo/
  • Global Terrorism Database (n.d.). GTD 1970-2018. Retrieved April 1, 2020, from https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/
  • Gutiérrez Ramírez, L. M. (2015). Yarım Asırlık Silahlı Çatışmanın Ardından Barışı Yaratmak Kolombiya’da Geçiş Adaleti Tartışmaları Üzerine İnceleme. (Çev. S. Köybaşı). Anayasa Hukuku Dergisi, 4(8), 85-105.
  • Holmes, J. S., De Piñeres, S. A. G., & Curtin, K. M. (2006). Drugs, Violence, and Development in Colombia: A Department-Level Analysis. Latin American Politics and Society, 48(3), 157-184.
  • Jurisdiccion Especial para la Paz [JEP] (2019). Structure. Retrieved June, 26, 2020, from https://www.jep.gov.co/Infografas/brochure.pdf
  • La Reintegración en cifras (2018). Agencia de la Reincorporación y Normalizacion. Retrieved June, 26, 2020, from http://www.reincorporacion.gov.co/es/la-reintegracion/Paginas/cifras.aspx
  • Lee, C. (2012). The FARC and the Colombian Left: Time for a Political Solution? Latin American Perspectives, 39(1), 28-42.
  • López-Uribe, M. P. and Sanchez Torres, F. (2018). On the Agrarian Origins of Civil Conflict in Colombia. LSE-Stanford-Universidad de los Andes Conference on Long-Run Development in Latin America, London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved January 8, 2020, from, http://www.lse.ac.uk/lacc/publications/PDFs/Sanchez- LopezUribe-OriginOfConflict-03-12-2017.pdf
  • McDermott, J. (2014, May 2). The BACRIM and Their Position in Colombia’s Underworld. InSight Crime. Retrieved September 8, 2020, from https://www.insightcrime.org/investigations/bacrim-and-their-position-in-colombia-underworld/
  • Melo, J. O. (2017). Historia mínima de Colombia (Primera edición). Turner Publicaciones, El Colegio de México.
  • Molano, A. (2000). The Evolution of the FARC: A Guerrilla Group’s Long History. The North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA) Report on the Americas, 34(2), 23-31. Retrieved January 8, 2020, from https://doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2000.11722627.
  • Müller, J-W. (2018). Popülizm Nedir? O. Yıldız (Trans.). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Oquist P.H (1980). Violence, Conflict and Politics in Colombia. New York, USA: Academic Press.
  • Özkan, M. (2018). Shaping peace processes: A comparison between Turkey and Colombia. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 16(4), 87-99.
  • Partido FARC (2017). Estatutos Del Partido. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://www.partidofarc.com.co/sites/default/files/ESTATUTOS%20DEL%20PARTIDO.pdf
  • Peace and Reconciliation Foundation (2019). Cada cuatro dias es asesinado un lider social. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://pares.com.co/2017/07/18/cada-cuatro-dias-es-asesinado-un-lider-social-fundacion-paz-y-reconciliacion/
  • Plazas-Díaz, F. A. (2017). Historia reciente y enseñanza del conflicto armado reciente y actual de Colombia en colegios y universidades del país. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Educativos, 13 (1), 179-200.
  • Portal para la paz (n.d.). Timeline. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from http://www.portalparalapaz.gov.co/en/publicaciones/820/time-line/
  • Radio Nacional de Colombia [RTVC] (2016). Aparece el movimiento 19 de abril. Retrieved January 3, 2019, from https://www.radionacional.co/linea-tiempo-paz/aparece-movimiento-19-abril
  • Rapoport, D. C. (2013). The Four Waves of Modern Terror: International Dimensions and Consequences. An International History of Terrorism: Western and Non-Western Experiences. Retrieved January 1, 2020, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286896869_The_four_waves_of_modern_terror_International_dimensions_and_consequences
  • Reincorporation and Normalization Agency [ARN]. (2019). Espacios Territoriales de Capacitación y Reincorporación (ETCR). Retrieved July 15, 2020, from http://www.reincorporacion.gov.co/es/reincorporacion/Documents/ETCR-simple-Pagina-WEB-06022019.pdf
  • Reyes, A. (2007). Paramilitares en Colombia: Contexto, Aliados y Consecuencias. Análisis Político, 12, 35-41.
  • Santos Calderón, J. M. (2019). La batalla por la paz: El largo camino para acabar el conflicto con la guerrilla más antigua del mundo. Bogotá, Colombia: Planeta Editorial.
  • Saskiewicz, Paul E (2005). The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia- People's Army (FARC-EP): Marxist-Leninist Insurgency or Criminal Enterprise. [Master's thesis]. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey California.
  • Semana (2014, July 10). Frank Pearl: “Uribe buscó diálogos directos y secretos con las FARC.” Semana. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/frank-pearl-uribe-busco-dialogos-directos-secretos-con-las-farc/405284-3
  • Semana (2019, June 23). Operacion Silencio. Semana. Retrieved June, 26, 2020, from https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/operacion-silencio-amenazas-y-presiones-sobre-los-militares-que-hablan-de-falsos-positivos-en-la-jep/620661
  • Semana (2020, August 11). Los cabos sueltos en el crimen de Dimar Torres. Semana. Retrieved August, 31, 2020, from https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/que-falta-todavia-en-el-proceso-de-dimar-torres/693533
  • Sierra, H. F. G., & Pérez, M. H. (2019). El prisma de la cooperación internacional hacia Colombia. Bogotá, Colombia Ediciones Unisalle. Stanford University (n.d.). Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia- People's Army. Retrieved January 5, 2020, from https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/print_view/89
  • Troyan, B. (2008). Ethnic Citizenship in Colombia: The Experience of the Regional Indigenous Council of the Cauca in Southwestern Colombia from 1970 to 1990. Latin American Research Review, 43(3), 166-191.
  • United Nations (2012). Guidance for Effective Mediation. Retrieved August 8, 2020, https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/GuidanceEffectiveMediation_UNDPA2012%28english%29_0.pdf
  • United Nations (2020). United Nations Verification Mission in Colombia. Retrieved September 8, 2020, from https://colombia.unmissions.org/en and https://undocs.org/en/S/2020/239
  • US Department of State (2001). Plan Colombia. Retrieved August 31, 2020, from https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/wha/rls/fs/2001/1042.htm
  • US Department of State (n.d.). Foreign Terrorist Organizations. Retrieved August 31, 2020, https://www.state.gov/foreign-terrorist-organizations/
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Çevre ve Kültür, Ekonomi, Siyaset Bilimi, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Yöneylem, İşletme
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Néstor David Medına Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-2147-784X

Yaşar Pınar Özmen 0000-0003-2970-1110

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Eylül 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Medına, N. D., & Özmen, Y. P. (2020). Conflict and Violence in Colombia: The Breaking Points in the Peace Process with the FARC. Türkiye Siyaset Bilimi Dergisi, 3(2), 113-135.

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