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BASIN ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜNÜN ÇEVRESEL BOZULMA ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ: NORDİK-BALTIK SEKİZLİSİ (NB-8) İÇİN EKONOMETRİK BİR ANALİZ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 357 - 368, 31.07.2022

Öz

Çevresel bozulma küresel bir sorun olarak tüm dünyayı ve canlıları etkilemekte ve post normal bilimin esaslarında da yer aldığı gibi herkesi ilgilendirmektedir. Çevresel bozulmanın önlenmesinde ve çevresel kalitenin iyileştirilmesinde basının özgür olmasının önemli bir işlevi bulunmaktadır. Özgür bir basın, çevresel farkındalığın artırılmasına katkıda bulunur ve çevresel konularda harekete geçilmesini sağlar. Bu çalışmada Nordik-Baltık Sekizlisi (NB-8) ülkelerinde basın özgürlüğünün çevresel bozulma üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Belirtilen amaç doğrultusunda Nordik-Baltık Sekizlisi ülkelerine ait 2003-2018 dönemini kapsayan veriler kullanılarak panel veri analizi yapılmıştır. Basın özgürlüğü göstergesi olarak Reporters Without Borders tarafından yayınlanan Basın Özgürlüğü Endeksi, çevresel bozulma göstergesi olarak ise karbon emisyonu (kişi başına metrik ton) kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmaya kişi başına düşen GSYİH, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, kentsel nüfusun toplam nüfus içindeki payı ve ticari açıklık oranı gibi kontrol değişkenleri dahil edilmiştir. Yapılan analiz neticesinde Nordik-Baltık Sekizlisinde basın özgürlüğü endeks değeri arttıkça (basın özgürlüğü azaldıkça) çevresel bozulmanın arttığı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. AUDI, M. and ALI, A. (2018). Determinants of Environmental Degradation Under the Perspective of Globalization: A Panel Analysis of Selected MENA Nations, Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/ 85776/. Accessed 01.02.2022.
  • 2.BARRETT, S., and GRADDY, K. (2000). Freedom, Growth, and the Environment. Environment and Development Economics, 5(4), 433-456. doi:10.1017/S1355770X00000267
  • 3. BERNAUER, T. and KOUBI, V. (2009). Effects of Political Institutions on Air Quality, Ecological Economics, 68(5), 1355-1365.
  • 4. CHOUDHARY, M. P., CHAUHAN, G.S. and KUSHWAH, Y. K. (2015). Environmental Degradation: Causes, Impacts and Mitigation, National Seminar on Recent Advancements in Protection of Environment and Its Management Issues (NSRAPEM-2015), Maharishi Arvind College of Engineering and Technology, Kota, Rajasthan, India.
  • 5. ÇOBAN, M. N. (2020). Basın Özgürlüğü ve Yolsuzluk İlişkisi: BRICS Ülkeleri Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi, Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 212-235.
  • 6. GOEL, R., HERRALA, R. and MAZHAR, U. (2013). Institutional Quality and Environmental Pollution: MENA Countries Versus the Rest of the World, Economic Systems, 37(4), DOI: 10.1016/j.ecosys.2013.04.002
  • 7. HAAS, P. M. (1992). Obtaining International Environmental Protection Through Epistemic Consensus, In Global Environmental Change and International Relations, Edited by I. H. Rowlands and M. Greene. London: Macmillan.
  • 8. IKE, G. N., JAFF, Y. D. and AGHAZADEH, S. (2022). An Empirical Analysis of the Global Environmental Impact of Press Freedom: The Role of Internet Access and Industry Size in 153 Countries, Journal of Cleaner Production, Available online 31 January 2022, 130719, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652622003584?via%3Dihub Accessed 01.02.2022.
  • 9. ISO-MARKKU, T., INNOLA, E., and TIILIKAINEN, T., (2018). A stronger North? Nordic cooperation in foreign and security policy in the new security environment. FIIA, May. pp. 42–49
  • 10. JESENKO, K. (2018). Freedom of expression in environmental cases before the European Court of Human Rights. ERA Forum 19, 295–305 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-018-0518-3
  • 11. LAMER, W. (2018). Press Freedom as an International Human Right. Palgrave.
  • 12. LI, Q. and REUVENY, R. (2006). Democracy and Environmental Degradation, International Studies Quarterly, 50(4), 935-956.
  • 13. MARTINEZ-ZARZOSO, I. and PHILLIPS, J. (2020). Freedom of the Press, Inequality and Environmental Policy, Published online by Cambridge University Press, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environment-and-development economics/article/freedom-of-the-press-inequality-and-environmental policy/DC559A7F1C8699F9922AD46DD8645DAB Accessed 31.01.2022.
  • 14. OLLERTON, J., WALSH, M. and SULLIVAN, T. (2019). Press Freedom is Necessary to Advance Environmental Protections Across the World, Democratic Audit UK 2019 file, https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/128245/1/Ollerton%20et%20al%20Press%20freedom%20and%20environmental%20protection%20-%20September%202019.pdf, Accessed 01.02.2022.
  • 15. RITI, J., SHU, Y. and KAMAH, M. (2021). Institutional Quality and Environmental Sustainability: The Role of Freedom of Press in Most Freedom of Press Countries, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 91(1), 106656.
  • 16. ROMUALD, K. S. (2011). Democratic institutions and environmental quality: effects and transmission channels. In 2011 International congress, August 30–September 2, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland (no.120396). European Association of Agricultural Economists
  • 17. SEHGAL, R. and MALİK, U. (2018). Press Freedom in India: A Legal Study, IJARIIE, 4(5), 213-217.
  • 18. SINGH, K. (2009). Environmental Degradation and Measures for Its Mitigation with Special Reference to India’s Agricultural Sector, Indian J Agric Econ 64(1):40–61.
  • 19. TIWARI, P. C. and JOSHI, B. (2015). Local and Regional Institutions and Environmental Governance in Hindu Kush Himalaya, Environmental Science & Policy, 49, 66-74.
  • 20. TOPAL, M.H. and HAYALOĞLU, P. (2017), “Farklı Gelişmişlik Düzeylerinde Kurumsal Kalitenin Çevre Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Analiz”, Sosyoekonomi, Vol. 25(32), 189-212.
  • 21. UZAR (2021). The Connection Between Freedom of the Press and Environmental Quality: An Investigation on Emerging Market Countries, Natural Resources Forum
  • 22. WINSLOW, M. (2005). Is Democracy Good for the Environment? Journal o Environmental Planning and Management, 48(5), 771–783. doi:10.1080/09640560500183074
  • 23. YETER, F., EROĞLU, İ., KANGAL, N. and ÇOBAN, M. N. (2021). Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi ve Çevresel Bozulma İlişkisi: Türk Cumhuriyetleri Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, 129(255), 405-432.

THE IMPACT OF PRESS FREEDOM ON ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION: AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS FOR THE NORDIC-BALTIC EIGHT (NB-8)

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 357 - 368, 31.07.2022

Öz

As stated in the principles of post-normal science, environmental degradation impacts the entire globe and all living things as a global problem concerning everyone. The freedom of press has a vital function in preventing environmental degradation and improving environmental quality. A free press contributes to raising environmental awareness and ensures that action is taken on environmental issues. It is aimed in this study to investigate the impacts of freedom of press on environmental degradation in the Nordic-Baltic Eight (NB-8) countries. Panel data analysis was conducted out in accordance with the stated purpose, using data covering the period 2003-2018 belonging to the Nordic-Baltic Eight countries. The Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders was used as an indicator of press freedom, and carbon emissions (metric tons per capita) were used as an indicator of environmental degradation. The study also included control variables such as GDP per capita, renewable energy consumption, the share of the urban population in the total population and the trade openness ratio. It has been found as a result of the analysis that as the press freedom index value increases (as press freedom decreases) in the Nordic-Baltic Eight, environmental degradation increases.

Kaynakça

  • 1. AUDI, M. and ALI, A. (2018). Determinants of Environmental Degradation Under the Perspective of Globalization: A Panel Analysis of Selected MENA Nations, Retrieved from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/ 85776/. Accessed 01.02.2022.
  • 2.BARRETT, S., and GRADDY, K. (2000). Freedom, Growth, and the Environment. Environment and Development Economics, 5(4), 433-456. doi:10.1017/S1355770X00000267
  • 3. BERNAUER, T. and KOUBI, V. (2009). Effects of Political Institutions on Air Quality, Ecological Economics, 68(5), 1355-1365.
  • 4. CHOUDHARY, M. P., CHAUHAN, G.S. and KUSHWAH, Y. K. (2015). Environmental Degradation: Causes, Impacts and Mitigation, National Seminar on Recent Advancements in Protection of Environment and Its Management Issues (NSRAPEM-2015), Maharishi Arvind College of Engineering and Technology, Kota, Rajasthan, India.
  • 5. ÇOBAN, M. N. (2020). Basın Özgürlüğü ve Yolsuzluk İlişkisi: BRICS Ülkeleri Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi, Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 212-235.
  • 6. GOEL, R., HERRALA, R. and MAZHAR, U. (2013). Institutional Quality and Environmental Pollution: MENA Countries Versus the Rest of the World, Economic Systems, 37(4), DOI: 10.1016/j.ecosys.2013.04.002
  • 7. HAAS, P. M. (1992). Obtaining International Environmental Protection Through Epistemic Consensus, In Global Environmental Change and International Relations, Edited by I. H. Rowlands and M. Greene. London: Macmillan.
  • 8. IKE, G. N., JAFF, Y. D. and AGHAZADEH, S. (2022). An Empirical Analysis of the Global Environmental Impact of Press Freedom: The Role of Internet Access and Industry Size in 153 Countries, Journal of Cleaner Production, Available online 31 January 2022, 130719, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652622003584?via%3Dihub Accessed 01.02.2022.
  • 9. ISO-MARKKU, T., INNOLA, E., and TIILIKAINEN, T., (2018). A stronger North? Nordic cooperation in foreign and security policy in the new security environment. FIIA, May. pp. 42–49
  • 10. JESENKO, K. (2018). Freedom of expression in environmental cases before the European Court of Human Rights. ERA Forum 19, 295–305 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-018-0518-3
  • 11. LAMER, W. (2018). Press Freedom as an International Human Right. Palgrave.
  • 12. LI, Q. and REUVENY, R. (2006). Democracy and Environmental Degradation, International Studies Quarterly, 50(4), 935-956.
  • 13. MARTINEZ-ZARZOSO, I. and PHILLIPS, J. (2020). Freedom of the Press, Inequality and Environmental Policy, Published online by Cambridge University Press, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environment-and-development economics/article/freedom-of-the-press-inequality-and-environmental policy/DC559A7F1C8699F9922AD46DD8645DAB Accessed 31.01.2022.
  • 14. OLLERTON, J., WALSH, M. and SULLIVAN, T. (2019). Press Freedom is Necessary to Advance Environmental Protections Across the World, Democratic Audit UK 2019 file, https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/128245/1/Ollerton%20et%20al%20Press%20freedom%20and%20environmental%20protection%20-%20September%202019.pdf, Accessed 01.02.2022.
  • 15. RITI, J., SHU, Y. and KAMAH, M. (2021). Institutional Quality and Environmental Sustainability: The Role of Freedom of Press in Most Freedom of Press Countries, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 91(1), 106656.
  • 16. ROMUALD, K. S. (2011). Democratic institutions and environmental quality: effects and transmission channels. In 2011 International congress, August 30–September 2, 2011, Zurich, Switzerland (no.120396). European Association of Agricultural Economists
  • 17. SEHGAL, R. and MALİK, U. (2018). Press Freedom in India: A Legal Study, IJARIIE, 4(5), 213-217.
  • 18. SINGH, K. (2009). Environmental Degradation and Measures for Its Mitigation with Special Reference to India’s Agricultural Sector, Indian J Agric Econ 64(1):40–61.
  • 19. TIWARI, P. C. and JOSHI, B. (2015). Local and Regional Institutions and Environmental Governance in Hindu Kush Himalaya, Environmental Science & Policy, 49, 66-74.
  • 20. TOPAL, M.H. and HAYALOĞLU, P. (2017), “Farklı Gelişmişlik Düzeylerinde Kurumsal Kalitenin Çevre Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Analiz”, Sosyoekonomi, Vol. 25(32), 189-212.
  • 21. UZAR (2021). The Connection Between Freedom of the Press and Environmental Quality: An Investigation on Emerging Market Countries, Natural Resources Forum
  • 22. WINSLOW, M. (2005). Is Democracy Good for the Environment? Journal o Environmental Planning and Management, 48(5), 771–783. doi:10.1080/09640560500183074
  • 23. YETER, F., EROĞLU, İ., KANGAL, N. and ÇOBAN, M. N. (2021). Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi ve Çevresel Bozulma İlişkisi: Türk Cumhuriyetleri Üzerine Panel Veri Analizi, Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları, 129(255), 405-432.
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Necati Çoban 0000-0003-2839-4403

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Çoban, M. N. (2022). THE IMPACT OF PRESS FREEDOM ON ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION: AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS FOR THE NORDIC-BALTIC EIGHT (NB-8). Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(3), 357-368.