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FINANCE AND TRADE IN GLOBAL ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE: IMF – GATT/WTO COOPERATION AND EXCHANGE RATE REGIME – TRADE LINKAGE

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 60, 129 - 151, 17.01.2024

Mustafa Göker Ilkut Elif Kandil Goker

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1384293

Öz

The health of the international trade flows depends on the existence of a sound international financial system. Therefore,
when designing the global economic governance order after the Second World War, money and trade issues were considered
as parts of a whole. Exchange rate stability was seen as a prerequisite for the functioning of the trading system, and therefore
an international monetary system based on fixed exchange rates remained in force until 1971. Besides, GATT established
a special form of co-operation between the GATT and the IMF, which was later extended to the WTO era in 1995. While
some of the co-operation is in traditional forms, some of it is unique in that it comes from the GATT era. The study aims,
by addressing these forms of co-operation, to present the state of play of the finance and trade nexus in global economic
governance. It finds that (i) with the abandonment of the fixed exchange rates of the Bretton Woods system, the legal and
institutional infrastructure of the finance-trade linkage weakened, especially in terms of the exchange rate regime and the
functions of the IMF; (ii) reforms within the IMF and the GATT/WTO and existing legal and institutional capacity are not
sufficient to eliminate this weakness; and (iii) in the current conjuncture, there is no international will to address the negative
impact caused by exchange rate misalignments on trade.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Finance-Trade Linkage Global Economic Governance International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Trade Organization (WTO) Exchange Rate Regimes

Kaynakça

  • Analytical Index of the GATT – Article XV https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/ai17_e/gatt1994_art15_gatt47.pdf (24.04.2023)
  • Argentina – Textiles and Apparel, WTO Panel Report, 1997, WT/DS56/R.
  • Argentina – Textiles and Apparel, WTO Appellate Body Report, 1998, WT/DS56/AB/R.
  • Aubion, M. (2007). “Fulfilling the Marrakesh Mandate on Coherence: Ten Years of Cooperation between the WTO, IMF and World Bank”, Discussion Paper No. 13, World Trade Organization, Geneva.
  • Bergsten, F. (2012). Keynote Speech at the VIII Annual Symposium on International Trade (17 October 2012), Washington College of Law, American University, Washington D.C.
  • Bergsten, F. (2014). “Addressing Currency Manipulations Through Trade Agreements” Policy Brief 14-2 (January 2014), Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washginton D.C.
  • Boughton, J.M. (2001). Silent Revolution: The International Monetary Fund 1979-1989, International Monetary Fund, Washginton D.C.
  • de Las Casas, M. and Rustomjee, C. (2019). IMF Involvement in International Trade Policy Issues: Evaluation Update 2019, Independent Evaluation Office of IMF, Washington D.C. https://ieo.imf.org/en/our-work/Evaluations/Completed/2009-0616-imf-involvement-in-international-trade-policy-issues (17.04.2023)
  • Friedman, M. (1953). “The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates.” Essays in Positive Economics, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Fritz-Krockow, B. and Ramlogan, P. (2007). International Monetary Fund Handbook: Its Functions, Policies and Operations, International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C.
  • GATT (1955), Report of Review Working Party I on Quantitative Restrictions, L/332/Rev.1, 28 February, 1955 (adopted on 2, 4 and 5 March 1955, 3S/170). https://www.wto.org/gatt_docs/English/SULPDF/90690002.pdf (21.02.2023)
  • GATT (1973), Procedures for Regular Consultations on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions with Developing Countries (As approved by the Council of Representatives on 19 December 1972), L/3772.Rev.1, 10 January 1973. https://docs.wto.org/gattdocs/q/GG/L3799/3772R1.PDF (21.02.2023).
  • GATT (1984), Exchange Rate Fluctuations and their Effect on Trade – Fortieth Session of the Contracting Parties, action taken on 30 November 1984, L/5761.
  • GATT (1989), GATT Document on Mid-Term Meeting, Trade Negotiation Committee, MTN.TNC/11 of 21 April 1989. https://docs.wto.org/gattdocs/q/UR/TNC/11.PDF (27.04.2023)
  • Gadbaw, R.M. (2010). ‘‘Systemic Regulation of Global Trade and Finance: A Tale of Two Systems’’ , Journal of International Economic Law, 551–574.
  • Goldstein, M. and Weatherstone, D. (2010). “Confronting Asset Bubbles, Too Big to Fail, and Beggar-thy-Neighbor Exchange Rate Policies”, Policy Brief 10-3 (February 2010), Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washginton D.C.
  • Irwin, D.A. (2011). “Esprit de Currency”, Finance and Development, 48/2, 30-33.
  • IMF (1995a), Reference Note on WTO-Consistency (unpublished), International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.
  • IMF (1995b), Guidelines / Framework for Fund Staff Collaboration With the New World Trade Organization, EB/CGATT/95/1 Supplement 1, 10968-(95/43), April 21, 1995. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Selected-Decisions/Description.aspx?decision=10968-(95/43) (20.04.2023)
  • IMF (1998), Selected Decisions and Selected Documents of the International Monetary Fund, Twenty Third Issue, International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781451971149/9781451971149.xml (20.04.2023).
  • IMF (1999), Note on Import Surcharges (unpublished), International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.
  • IMF (2004), Trade-Related Balance of Payments Adjustment – Fund Support, Trade Intergration Mechanism, Decision No. 13229-(04/33), April 2, 2004. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Selected-Decisions/Description.aspx?decision=13229-(04/33) (25.04.2023)
  • IMF (2005), The Acting Chair’s Summing Up, Doha Development Agenda and Aid for Trade (Document No. BUFF/05/187), International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.
  • IMF (2009a), IMF Involvement in International Trade Policy Issues: Evaluation Report, Background Document 3 (Guiding the IMF’s Involvement in International Trade Policy), Independent Evaluation Office of the IMF, Washington D.C.
  • IMF (2009b), IMF Involvement in International Trade Policy Issues: Evaluation Report, Background Document 2 (Cooperation between the IMF and the WTO), Independent Evaluation Office of the IMF, Washington D.C.
  • IMF (2017), IMF Factsheet. http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/imfwto.htm (17.04.2023)
  • IMF (2023a), Press Release Related to Review of the Role of Trade in the Work of the Fund (IMF Policy Paper No. 2023/013, April 3, 2023), March 2023, PR23/105.
  • IMF (2023b), Review of the Role of the Trade in the Work of the Fund (IMF Policy Paper No. 2023/013, April 3, 2023), Washington, D.C. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2023/04/03/Review-of-the-Role-of-Trade-in-the-Work-of-the-Fund-531177 (17.07.2023)
  • Jackson, J.H. (1998). The World Trade Organization: Constitution and Jurisprudence, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London.
  • Johnson, H.G. (1969). “The Case For Flexible Exehange Rates 1969”, Paper Presented at Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (June 1969).
  • Louka, E. (2020). The Global Economic Order: The International Law and Politics of the Financial and Monetary System, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham (UK), Northampton (MA, USA).
  • Lowenfeld, A.F. (2010). “The International Monetary System: A Look Back Over Seven Decades”, Journal of International Economic Law, 13/3, 575-595.
  • Mitchell, A. and Sheargold, E. (2009). GATT Art. XV: Exchange Arrangements, Georgetown Business, Economics & Regulatory Law Research Paper No. 1507253, November 2009.
  • Morgenthau, H. (1944). Adress by Henry Morgenthau, Jr, at the Closing Plenary Session at the Bretton Woods Conference on 22 July 1944. https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2003/12/12/b88b1fe7-8fec-4da6-ae22-fa33edd08ab6/publishable_en.pdf (20.04.2023)
  • Rendak, N. (2014). “Monitoring and Surveillance of the International Monetary System: What Can Be Learned From The Trade Field?” The Rule of Law in Monetary Affairs, World Trade Forum, (Ed: T. Cottier et al.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Siegel, D. E. (2005). Legal Aspects of IMF/WTO Relationship: The IMF’s Articles of Agreement and the WTO Agreements. In International Monetary Fund, Current Developments in Monetary and Financil Law (Vol. 3), Chapter 40, 873-941. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781589063341/ch040.xml (19.05.2023)
  • The UN Commission on Global Governance (1995). Our Global Neighbourhood, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Patterson, G. and Patterson, E. (1994). “The Road From GATT to MTO”, Minnesota Journal of International Law, 3, 35-59.
  • Thorstensen, V., Marçal, E. and Ferraz, L. (2012). “Impacts of Exchange Rates on International Trade Policy Instruments: The Case of Tariffs”, Journal of World Trade, 46/3, 597-634.
  • Thorstensen, V., Ramos, D. and Muller, C. (2013). “The Missing Link Between the WTO and the IMF”, Journal of International Economic Law, 16/2, 353–381.
  • Triffin, R. (1960). Gold and the Dollar Crisis, Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • VanGrasstek, C. (2013). The History and Future of the World Trade Organization, WTO Publications, Geneva.
  • Van den Bossche, P. and Zdouc, W. (2021). The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization, Fifth Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • WTO (2022), Annual Report, World Trade Organization, Geneva.
  • WTO Website, Technical Information on Balance of Payments. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/bop_e/bop_info_e.htm (21.02.2023)
  • Zimmermann, C. D. (2011). “Exchange Rate Misalignment and International Law”, American Journal of International Law, 105/3, 423-476.

KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YÖNETİŞİMDE FİNANS VE TİCARET: IMF – GATT/DTÖ İŞ BİRLİĞİ VE KUR REJİMİ – TİCARET BAĞLANTISI

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 60, 129 - 151, 17.01.2024

Mustafa Göker Ilkut Elif Kandil Goker

https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1384293

Öz

Ticaret akımlarının sağlığı, sağlam bir finans sisteminin varlığına bağlıdır. Bu nedenle, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası küresel
ekonomik yönetişim düzeni tasarlanırken para ve ticaret konuları bir bütünün parçaları olarak ele alınmıştır. Kur istikrarı,
ticaret sisteminin işleyişi bakımından ön koşul olarak görülmüş ve bu nedenle oluşturulan sabit kurlara dayalı bir uluslararası
para sistemi 1971’e kadar yürürlükte kalmıştır. Bazı GATT hükümleri ile de, GATT ile IMF arasında özel bir iş birliği şekli tesis
edilmiştir. Bu iş birliği, kapsamı genişletilerek, 1995’te DTÖ dönemine taşınmıştır. İş birliğinin bir kısmı geleneksel şekillerde
iken, GATT döneminden gelen diğer bir kısmı özgün nitelikler arz etmektedir. Çalışma, bahse konu iş birliği şekillerini ele alarak,
küresel ekonomik yönetişimdeki finans ve ticaret bağlantısının mevcut durumunu ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bretton
Woods sisteminin sabit kur uygulamalarının terk edilmesiyle finans-ticaret bağlantısının özellikle kur rejimi ve IMF’in işlevleri
bağlamında yasal ve kurumsal altyapısının zayıfladığını; IMF ve GATT/DTÖ bünyesindeki reformlar ile mevcut yasal ve kurumsal
kapasitenin bu zayıflığı gidermeye yeterli olmadığını; mevcut konjonktürde, yanlış kur uyarlamalarının ticaret üzerinde neden
olduğu olumsuzluğu ele almaya yönelik uluslararası bir iradenin mevcut bulunmadığını tespit etmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Finans-Ticaret Bağlantısı Küresel Ekonomik Yönetişim Uluslararası Para Fonu (IMF) Dünya Ticaret Örgütü (DTÖ) Kur Rejimleri

Kaynakça

  • Analytical Index of the GATT – Article XV https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/publications_e/ai17_e/gatt1994_art15_gatt47.pdf (24.04.2023)
  • Argentina – Textiles and Apparel, WTO Panel Report, 1997, WT/DS56/R.
  • Argentina – Textiles and Apparel, WTO Appellate Body Report, 1998, WT/DS56/AB/R.
  • Aubion, M. (2007). “Fulfilling the Marrakesh Mandate on Coherence: Ten Years of Cooperation between the WTO, IMF and World Bank”, Discussion Paper No. 13, World Trade Organization, Geneva.
  • Bergsten, F. (2012). Keynote Speech at the VIII Annual Symposium on International Trade (17 October 2012), Washington College of Law, American University, Washington D.C.
  • Bergsten, F. (2014). “Addressing Currency Manipulations Through Trade Agreements” Policy Brief 14-2 (January 2014), Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washginton D.C.
  • Boughton, J.M. (2001). Silent Revolution: The International Monetary Fund 1979-1989, International Monetary Fund, Washginton D.C.
  • de Las Casas, M. and Rustomjee, C. (2019). IMF Involvement in International Trade Policy Issues: Evaluation Update 2019, Independent Evaluation Office of IMF, Washington D.C. https://ieo.imf.org/en/our-work/Evaluations/Completed/2009-0616-imf-involvement-in-international-trade-policy-issues (17.04.2023)
  • Friedman, M. (1953). “The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates.” Essays in Positive Economics, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Fritz-Krockow, B. and Ramlogan, P. (2007). International Monetary Fund Handbook: Its Functions, Policies and Operations, International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C.
  • GATT (1955), Report of Review Working Party I on Quantitative Restrictions, L/332/Rev.1, 28 February, 1955 (adopted on 2, 4 and 5 March 1955, 3S/170). https://www.wto.org/gatt_docs/English/SULPDF/90690002.pdf (21.02.2023)
  • GATT (1973), Procedures for Regular Consultations on Balance-of-Payments Restrictions with Developing Countries (As approved by the Council of Representatives on 19 December 1972), L/3772.Rev.1, 10 January 1973. https://docs.wto.org/gattdocs/q/GG/L3799/3772R1.PDF (21.02.2023).
  • GATT (1984), Exchange Rate Fluctuations and their Effect on Trade – Fortieth Session of the Contracting Parties, action taken on 30 November 1984, L/5761.
  • GATT (1989), GATT Document on Mid-Term Meeting, Trade Negotiation Committee, MTN.TNC/11 of 21 April 1989. https://docs.wto.org/gattdocs/q/UR/TNC/11.PDF (27.04.2023)
  • Gadbaw, R.M. (2010). ‘‘Systemic Regulation of Global Trade and Finance: A Tale of Two Systems’’ , Journal of International Economic Law, 551–574.
  • Goldstein, M. and Weatherstone, D. (2010). “Confronting Asset Bubbles, Too Big to Fail, and Beggar-thy-Neighbor Exchange Rate Policies”, Policy Brief 10-3 (February 2010), Peterson Institute for International Economics, Washginton D.C.
  • Irwin, D.A. (2011). “Esprit de Currency”, Finance and Development, 48/2, 30-33.
  • IMF (1995a), Reference Note on WTO-Consistency (unpublished), International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.
  • IMF (1995b), Guidelines / Framework for Fund Staff Collaboration With the New World Trade Organization, EB/CGATT/95/1 Supplement 1, 10968-(95/43), April 21, 1995. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Selected-Decisions/Description.aspx?decision=10968-(95/43) (20.04.2023)
  • IMF (1998), Selected Decisions and Selected Documents of the International Monetary Fund, Twenty Third Issue, International Monetary Fund, Washington D.C. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781451971149/9781451971149.xml (20.04.2023).
  • IMF (1999), Note on Import Surcharges (unpublished), International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.
  • IMF (2004), Trade-Related Balance of Payments Adjustment – Fund Support, Trade Intergration Mechanism, Decision No. 13229-(04/33), April 2, 2004. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Selected-Decisions/Description.aspx?decision=13229-(04/33) (25.04.2023)
  • IMF (2005), The Acting Chair’s Summing Up, Doha Development Agenda and Aid for Trade (Document No. BUFF/05/187), International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C.
  • IMF (2009a), IMF Involvement in International Trade Policy Issues: Evaluation Report, Background Document 3 (Guiding the IMF’s Involvement in International Trade Policy), Independent Evaluation Office of the IMF, Washington D.C.
  • IMF (2009b), IMF Involvement in International Trade Policy Issues: Evaluation Report, Background Document 2 (Cooperation between the IMF and the WTO), Independent Evaluation Office of the IMF, Washington D.C.
  • IMF (2017), IMF Factsheet. http://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/facts/imfwto.htm (17.04.2023)
  • IMF (2023a), Press Release Related to Review of the Role of Trade in the Work of the Fund (IMF Policy Paper No. 2023/013, April 3, 2023), March 2023, PR23/105.
  • IMF (2023b), Review of the Role of the Trade in the Work of the Fund (IMF Policy Paper No. 2023/013, April 3, 2023), Washington, D.C. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2023/04/03/Review-of-the-Role-of-Trade-in-the-Work-of-the-Fund-531177 (17.07.2023)
  • Jackson, J.H. (1998). The World Trade Organization: Constitution and Jurisprudence, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London.
  • Johnson, H.G. (1969). “The Case For Flexible Exehange Rates 1969”, Paper Presented at Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (June 1969).
  • Louka, E. (2020). The Global Economic Order: The International Law and Politics of the Financial and Monetary System, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham (UK), Northampton (MA, USA).
  • Lowenfeld, A.F. (2010). “The International Monetary System: A Look Back Over Seven Decades”, Journal of International Economic Law, 13/3, 575-595.
  • Mitchell, A. and Sheargold, E. (2009). GATT Art. XV: Exchange Arrangements, Georgetown Business, Economics & Regulatory Law Research Paper No. 1507253, November 2009.
  • Morgenthau, H. (1944). Adress by Henry Morgenthau, Jr, at the Closing Plenary Session at the Bretton Woods Conference on 22 July 1944. https://www.cvce.eu/content/publication/2003/12/12/b88b1fe7-8fec-4da6-ae22-fa33edd08ab6/publishable_en.pdf (20.04.2023)
  • Rendak, N. (2014). “Monitoring and Surveillance of the International Monetary System: What Can Be Learned From The Trade Field?” The Rule of Law in Monetary Affairs, World Trade Forum, (Ed: T. Cottier et al.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Siegel, D. E. (2005). Legal Aspects of IMF/WTO Relationship: The IMF’s Articles of Agreement and the WTO Agreements. In International Monetary Fund, Current Developments in Monetary and Financil Law (Vol. 3), Chapter 40, 873-941. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781589063341/ch040.xml (19.05.2023)
  • The UN Commission on Global Governance (1995). Our Global Neighbourhood, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Patterson, G. and Patterson, E. (1994). “The Road From GATT to MTO”, Minnesota Journal of International Law, 3, 35-59.
  • Thorstensen, V., Marçal, E. and Ferraz, L. (2012). “Impacts of Exchange Rates on International Trade Policy Instruments: The Case of Tariffs”, Journal of World Trade, 46/3, 597-634.
  • Thorstensen, V., Ramos, D. and Muller, C. (2013). “The Missing Link Between the WTO and the IMF”, Journal of International Economic Law, 16/2, 353–381.
  • Triffin, R. (1960). Gold and the Dollar Crisis, Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • VanGrasstek, C. (2013). The History and Future of the World Trade Organization, WTO Publications, Geneva.
  • Van den Bossche, P. and Zdouc, W. (2021). The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization, Fifth Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • WTO (2022), Annual Report, World Trade Organization, Geneva.
  • WTO Website, Technical Information on Balance of Payments. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/bop_e/bop_info_e.htm (21.02.2023)
  • Zimmermann, C. D. (2011). “Exchange Rate Misalignment and International Law”, American Journal of International Law, 105/3, 423-476.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası Finans
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mustafa Göker 0000-0002-7853-5887

Ilkut Elif Kandil Goker 0000-0002-5290-3514

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 17 Ocak 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Ocak 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 28 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 60

Kaynak Göster

APA Göker, M., & Kandil Goker, I. E. (2024). KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YÖNETİŞİMDE FİNANS VE TİCARET: IMF – GATT/DTÖ İŞ BİRLİĞİ VE KUR REJİMİ – TİCARET BAĞLANTISI. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(60), 129-151. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1384293
AMA Göker M, Kandil Goker IE. KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YÖNETİŞİMDE FİNANS VE TİCARET: IMF – GATT/DTÖ İŞ BİRLİĞİ VE KUR REJİMİ – TİCARET BAĞLANTISI. PAUSBED. Ocak 2024;(60):129-151. doi:10.30794/pausbed.1384293
Chicago Göker, Mustafa, ve Ilkut Elif Kandil Goker. “KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YÖNETİŞİMDE FİNANS VE TİCARET: IMF – GATT/DTÖ İŞ BİRLİĞİ VE KUR REJİMİ – TİCARET BAĞLANTISI”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 60 (Ocak 2024): 129-51. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1384293.
EndNote Göker M, Kandil Goker IE (01 Ocak 2024) KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YÖNETİŞİMDE FİNANS VE TİCARET: IMF – GATT/DTÖ İŞ BİRLİĞİ VE KUR REJİMİ – TİCARET BAĞLANTISI. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 60 129–151.
IEEE M. Göker ve I. E. Kandil Goker, “KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YÖNETİŞİMDE FİNANS VE TİCARET: IMF – GATT/DTÖ İŞ BİRLİĞİ VE KUR REJİMİ – TİCARET BAĞLANTISI”, PAUSBED, sy. 60, ss. 129–151, Ocak 2024, doi: 10.30794/pausbed.1384293.
ISNAD Göker, Mustafa - Kandil Goker, Ilkut Elif. “KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YÖNETİŞİMDE FİNANS VE TİCARET: IMF – GATT/DTÖ İŞ BİRLİĞİ VE KUR REJİMİ – TİCARET BAĞLANTISI”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 60 (Ocak 2024), 129-151. https://doi.org/10.30794/pausbed.1384293.
JAMA Göker M, Kandil Goker IE. KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YÖNETİŞİMDE FİNANS VE TİCARET: IMF – GATT/DTÖ İŞ BİRLİĞİ VE KUR REJİMİ – TİCARET BAĞLANTISI. PAUSBED. 2024;:129–151.
MLA Göker, Mustafa ve Ilkut Elif Kandil Goker. “KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YÖNETİŞİMDE FİNANS VE TİCARET: IMF – GATT/DTÖ İŞ BİRLİĞİ VE KUR REJİMİ – TİCARET BAĞLANTISI”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 60, 2024, ss. 129-51, doi:10.30794/pausbed.1384293.
Vancouver Göker M, Kandil Goker IE. KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YÖNETİŞİMDE FİNANS VE TİCARET: IMF – GATT/DTÖ İŞ BİRLİĞİ VE KUR REJİMİ – TİCARET BAĞLANTISI. PAUSBED. 2024(60):129-51.
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