Öz
In today’s world, it is hard to mention domestic problems due to globalization. Besides, technological improvements provide new opportunities such as accessibility and social media. Under these circumstances, terrorist groups easily make propaganda to seek support and mobilise their followers against states. Since the 9/11, terrorism is being discussed heavily and continuously. Unilateral actions against terrorism make global governance more complicated as legitimacy is ignored and no consensus occurs. Terrorism and transnational organised crimes have many aspects that must be analysed to understand contemporary global issues. In the case of authority gaps, international organisations have to take action to create a solution. Otherwise, new terrorist organisations might emerge from conflictual areas and transnational organised crimes can fund their illegal activities. Although the United Nations (UN) is supposed to be mainly responsible for solving global problems, it is hard to say that UN bodies generate respectable solutions on global issues including terrorism and organised crimes. Furthermore, there is no clear definition of terrorism which enables sovereign states to interpret terrorism and terrorist groups according to their interests. Generally, states tend to be part of the problem rather than being part of the solution. Thus, global governance faces severe challenges in managing conflicts. This article focuses on these challenges.
Keywords: Terrorism, Transnational Organized Crimes, The United Nations, Global Governance, The September 11 Attacks
Kaynakça
- Abrahamsen, R. and Williams, M. C. (2011). Security beyond the state: private security in international politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Barnidge, R. P. (2011). International law and the flotilla II. Chicago tribune. Accessed: 10 December 2017, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-07-03/news/ct-perspec-0703-flotilla-20110703_1_mavi-marmara-flotilla-participants-idf
- Berdal, M. and Serrano, M. (2002). Transnational organized crime and international security: new topography. Berdal, M. and Serrano, M. (Eds). Transnational organized crime and international security (pp.197-208). London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Berkowitz, P. (2011). The Gaza flotilla and international law. Hoover institution. Accessed: 13 November 2017, https://www.hoover.org/research/gaza-flotilla-and-international-law
- Bobbitt, P. (2008). Terror and consent: The Wars for the Twenty-First Century. London: Allen Lane.
- Boulden, J. (2007). Terrorism. Thomas G. and Daws, S. (Eds). The Oxford handbook on the United Nations (pp.427-436). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Chaliand, G. and Blin, A. (2007). Lenin, Stalin, and state terrorism. Chaliand, G. and Blin, A. (Eds). The History of terrorism: from antiquity to al qaeda (pp.197-207). London: University of California Press.
- Coady, C. A. J. (2004). Defining terrorism. Primoratz, I. (Ed). Terrorism: the philosophical issues (pp.3-14). Basingstoke: Palgrave Mcmillan.
- Crenshaw, M. (2011). Explaining terrorism: causes, processes, and consequences. London: Routledge.
- Duncan, W., Webster, B. J. and Switky, B. (2006). World politics in the 21th century. New York: Longman.
- Guelke, A. (2009). The New age of terrorism and the international political system. London: I. B. Tauris.
- Gupta, D. K. (2008). Understanding terrorism and political violence. London: Routledge.
- Heywood, A. (2000). Key concepts in politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Heywood, A. (2007). Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Mcmillan.
- Karns, M. P. and Mingst, K. A. (2010). International organizations: the politics and processes of global governance. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Kiras, J. D. (2011). Terrorism and globalization. Baylis, J., Smith, S. and Qwens, P. (Eds). The Globalization of world politics: an introduction to international relations (pp.364-382). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Laquer, W. (2000). The New terrorism. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Madsen, F. G. (2009). Transnational organized crime. London: Routledge.
- Martin, G. (2013). Understanding terrorism: challanges, perspectives, and issues. CA: Sage Publications.
- Primoratz, I. (2004). What is terrorism. Primoratz, I. (Ed). Terrorism: the philosophical issues (pp.15-30). Basingstoke: Palgrave Mcmillan.
- Raghavan, S. (2007). Maliki, under Turkish pressure, vows to curb Kurdish rebels. Washington post. Accessed: 18 December 2017, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/23/AR2007102300377.html
- Shirkey, Z. C. (2010). The UN is limited in its ability to play a role. Gottlieb, S. (Ed). Debating terrorism and counterterrorism (pp.275-287). Washington DC: CQ Press.
- UN (2012). General assembly votes overwhelmingly to accord Palestine. Accessed: 20 November 2017, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/ga11317.doc.htm
- UNODC (2000). United Nations convention against transnational organized crime and the protocols thereto. Accessed: 22 December 2017, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/treaties/CTOC/index.html
- Vlassis, D. (2002). The UN convention against transnational organized crime. Berdal, M. and Serrano, M. (Eds). Transnational organized crime and international security. (pp.197-208). London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Williams, P. and O’Hayon, G. B. (2002). Global governance, transnational organized crime and money laundering. Held, D. and McGrew, A. (Eds). Governing globalization: power, authority and global governance (pp.127-144). Oxford: Polity.
Öz
Küreselleşme nedeniyle artık bir
yerel sorundan bahsetmek zor olmaktadır. Bunun yanında, teknolojik gelişmeler
erişim kolaylığı ve sosyal medya gibi yeni imkânlar sunmaktadır. Bütün bunlar
göz önüne alındığında, terörist gruplar daha önce görülmemiş bir kolaylıkla
propaganda yapıp, takipçilerini yönlendirebilmektedirler. 11 Eylül
saldırılarından bu yana, terörizm tartışmaları ve çalışmaları üzerine
yoğunlaşma devam etmektedir. Terörizme karşı tek taraflı çabalar meşruiyet
eksikliği ve meselelere çözüm bağlamında uzlaşma olmaması dolayısıyla küresel
yönetişimi daha karmaşık hale getirmektedir. Güncel küresel meselelerin daha
iyi anlaşılabilmesi adına terör ve sınır aşırı organize suçların etraflıca
analiz edilmesi gerekmektedir. Oluşabilecek otorite boşluklarına çözüm üretme
adına uluslararası örgütler harekete geçmek zorundadır. Aksi halde, yeni
terörist örgütlerin tartışmalı bölgelerden ortaya çıkacak ve sınır aşırı
organize suçlar dolayısıyla elde edilen gelirlerin bu örgütlerin eylemlerini
finanse edecektir. Her ne kadar Birleşmiş Milletlerin küresel problemlere çözüm
üretmesi gereken kurum olduğu düşünülse de, BM organlarının terörizm ve sınır
aşan suçlar özelinde etkili olduğunu söylemek zor olacaktır. Bunun ötesinde,
terörizm tanımının ne olduğu noktasında netliğin olmaması, egemen devletlere
çıkarlarına göre bir terörizm tanımı yapmalarına imkân sağlamaktadır. Genellikle
devletler çözümün parçası olmak yerine problemin bir parçası olma
eğilimindedirler. Böylece, küresel yönetişim çatışmaların çözüme kavuşması
noktasında ciddi zorluklarla karşılaşmaktadır. Bu çalışma bu zorluklar üzerine
odaklanmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Terrörizm, Ulusötesi Organize Suçlar, Birleşmiş Milletler, Küresel Yönetişim, 11 Eylül Saldırısı
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Abrahamsen, R. and Williams, M. C. (2011). Security beyond the state: private security in international politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Barnidge, R. P. (2011). International law and the flotilla II. Chicago tribune. Accessed: 10 December 2017, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-07-03/news/ct-perspec-0703-flotilla-20110703_1_mavi-marmara-flotilla-participants-idf
- Berdal, M. and Serrano, M. (2002). Transnational organized crime and international security: new topography. Berdal, M. and Serrano, M. (Eds). Transnational organized crime and international security (pp.197-208). London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Berkowitz, P. (2011). The Gaza flotilla and international law. Hoover institution. Accessed: 13 November 2017, https://www.hoover.org/research/gaza-flotilla-and-international-law
- Bobbitt, P. (2008). Terror and consent: The Wars for the Twenty-First Century. London: Allen Lane.
- Boulden, J. (2007). Terrorism. Thomas G. and Daws, S. (Eds). The Oxford handbook on the United Nations (pp.427-436). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Chaliand, G. and Blin, A. (2007). Lenin, Stalin, and state terrorism. Chaliand, G. and Blin, A. (Eds). The History of terrorism: from antiquity to al qaeda (pp.197-207). London: University of California Press.
- Coady, C. A. J. (2004). Defining terrorism. Primoratz, I. (Ed). Terrorism: the philosophical issues (pp.3-14). Basingstoke: Palgrave Mcmillan.
- Crenshaw, M. (2011). Explaining terrorism: causes, processes, and consequences. London: Routledge.
- Duncan, W., Webster, B. J. and Switky, B. (2006). World politics in the 21th century. New York: Longman.
- Guelke, A. (2009). The New age of terrorism and the international political system. London: I. B. Tauris.
- Gupta, D. K. (2008). Understanding terrorism and political violence. London: Routledge.
- Heywood, A. (2000). Key concepts in politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Heywood, A. (2007). Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Mcmillan.
- Karns, M. P. and Mingst, K. A. (2010). International organizations: the politics and processes of global governance. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Kiras, J. D. (2011). Terrorism and globalization. Baylis, J., Smith, S. and Qwens, P. (Eds). The Globalization of world politics: an introduction to international relations (pp.364-382). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Laquer, W. (2000). The New terrorism. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Madsen, F. G. (2009). Transnational organized crime. London: Routledge.
- Martin, G. (2013). Understanding terrorism: challanges, perspectives, and issues. CA: Sage Publications.
- Primoratz, I. (2004). What is terrorism. Primoratz, I. (Ed). Terrorism: the philosophical issues (pp.15-30). Basingstoke: Palgrave Mcmillan.
- Raghavan, S. (2007). Maliki, under Turkish pressure, vows to curb Kurdish rebels. Washington post. Accessed: 18 December 2017, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/23/AR2007102300377.html
- Shirkey, Z. C. (2010). The UN is limited in its ability to play a role. Gottlieb, S. (Ed). Debating terrorism and counterterrorism (pp.275-287). Washington DC: CQ Press.
- UN (2012). General assembly votes overwhelmingly to accord Palestine. Accessed: 20 November 2017, http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/ga11317.doc.htm
- UNODC (2000). United Nations convention against transnational organized crime and the protocols thereto. Accessed: 22 December 2017, http://www.unodc.org/unodc/treaties/CTOC/index.html
- Vlassis, D. (2002). The UN convention against transnational organized crime. Berdal, M. and Serrano, M. (Eds). Transnational organized crime and international security. (pp.197-208). London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
- Williams, P. and O’Hayon, G. B. (2002). Global governance, transnational organized crime and money laundering. Held, D. and McGrew, A. (Eds). Governing globalization: power, authority and global governance (pp.127-144). Oxford: Polity.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Siyaset Bilimi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Nisan 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1 |
