Derleme
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 1119 - 1136, 04.12.2021
Öz
Günümüzde içten yanmalı motorlara sahip araçlarla karşılaştırıldıklarında çevreci ve daha yüksek verimli olmaları sebebiyle elektrikli araçlar ön plana çıkmaktadırlar. Elektrikli araçları oluşturan en önemli ekipmanlardan biri olan bataryanın seçimi ve termal yönetimi önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, elektrikli araçların genel görünümü (tarihçesi, sınıflandırılması, satış sayıları, pazar payları), elektrikli araçlarda kullanılabilecek batarya türleri ve batarya termal yönetim sistemleri araştırılırmıştır. Uygulamalarda yaygın olarak kullanılan farklı batarya çeşitleri karakteristik özelliklerine göre karşılaştırılmış olup bu bataryalar arasından elektrikli araçlarda kullanabilecek/kullanılan batarya türünün yüksek özgül enerji (118-250 Wh/kg), yüksek enerji yoğunluğu (200-400 Wh/L), yüksek özgül güç (200-430 W/kg), yüksek çevrim ömrü (2000) ve ideal çalışma sıcaklığı (-20oC-60oC) özellikleri ile lityum iyon bataryalar olduğu görülmüştür. Bu bataryalardan en fazla performansın elde edilmesi için kullanılabilecek termal yönetim sistemleri incelenmiş olup bu yöntemlerin avantaj ve dezavantajlarından bahsedilmiştir. Düşük ısıl yüke sahip araçlarda (hibrit elektrikli araçlar vb.) hava ile soğutmanın yeterli olduğu görülmüş olup yüksek ısıl yüke sahip araçlarda (tam elektrikli araçlarda) ise sıvı akışkanlı ve hibrit soğutma yöntemlerinin kullanımının uygun olduğu görülmüştür.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Elektrikli araçlar Bataryalar Batarya termal yönetim sistemleri
Kaynakça
- Arora, S., 2018, “Selection of thermal management system for modular battery packs of electric vehicles: A review of existing and emerging technologies”, Journal of Power Sources, 400, 621-640.
- Battery University Group, BU-205: Types of Lithium-ion, https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-205-types-of-lithium-ion, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021a.
- Battery University Group, BU-214: Summary Table of Lead-based Batteries, https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-214-summary-table-of-lead-based-batteries, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021b.
- Battery University Group, BU-215: Summary Table of Nickel-based Batteries, https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-215-summary-table-of-nickel-based-batteries, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021c.
- Battery University Group, BU-216: Summary Table of Lithium-based Batteries, https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-216-summary-table-of-lithium-based-batteries, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021d.
- Bhattacharjee, A., Mohanty, R. K., and Ghosh, A., 2020, “Design of an Optimized Thermal Management System for Li-Ion Batteries under Different Discharging Conditions”, Energies, 13(21), 5695.
- Car and Driver, 2020 Hyundai Ioniq Limited Hatchback Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/hyundai/ioniq/specs/2020/hyundai_ioniq_hyundai-ioniq-hybrid_2020/411990, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021a.
- Car and Driver, 2020 Kia Optima EX Auto Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/kia/optima/specs/2020/kia_optima_kia-optima-hybrid_2020/408076, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021b.
- Car and Driver, 2020 Lexus ES ES 300h FWD Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/lexus/es/specs/2020/lexus_es_lexus-es300h_2020/411185, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021c.
- Car and Driver, 2020 Toyota Corolla Hybrid LE CVT (Natl) Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/toyota/corolla/specs/2020/toyota_corolla_toyota-corolla-hybrid_2020/404764, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021d.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Audi E-Tron / E-Tron Sportback Prestige Quattro Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/audi/e-tron/specs/2021/audi_e-tron_audi-e-tron_2021/416244, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021e.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Chevrolet Bolt EV Premier 5dr Wgn Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/chevrolet/bolt-ev-2021/specs/2021/chevrolet_bolt-ev_chevrolet-bolt-ev_2021/418205, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021f.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Ford Mustang Mach-E Premium AWD Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/ford/mustang-mach-e/specs/2021/ford_mach-e_ford-mach-e_2021/415586, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021g.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Honda Accord Touring Sedan Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/honda/accord/specs/2021/honda_accord_honda-accord-hybrid_2021/418420, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021h.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Honda Insight Touring CVT Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/honda/insight/specs/2021/honda_insight_honda-insight_2021/413228, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021i.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Hyundai Kona Electric Ultimate FWD Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/hyundai/kona-electric/specs/2021/hyundai_kona-electric_hyundai-kona-electric_2021/416046, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021j.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Hyundai Sonata Limited 2.0L Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/hyundai/sonata/specs/2021/hyundai_sonata_hyundai-sonata-hybrid_2021/416760, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021k.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Porsche Taycan Turbo S AWD Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/porsche/taycan/specs/2021/porsche_taycan_porsche-taycan_2021/418548, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021l.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Tesla Model 3 Performance AWD Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/tesla/model-3/specs/2021/tesla_model-3_tesla-model-3_2020/412469, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021m.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Tesla Model Y Performance AWD Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/tesla/model-y/specs/2021/tesla_model-y_tesla-model-y_2020/412746, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021n.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Toyota Avalon Hybrid Limited FWD (Natl) Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/toyota/avalon/specs/2021/toyota_avalon_toyota-avalon-hybrid_2021/413789, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021o.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Toyota Camry Hybrid XSE CVT (Natl) Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/toyota/camry/specs/2021/toyota_camry_toyota-camry-hybrid_2021/416041, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021p.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Toyota Prius Limited (Natl) Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/toyota/prius/specs/2021/toyota_prius_toyota-prius_2021/413844, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021q.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Toyota RAV4 Hybrid Hybrid XLE Premium AWD (Natl) Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/toyota/rav4-hybrid/specs/2021/toyota_toyota-rav4-hybrid_rav4-hybrid_2021/414763, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021r.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Volkswagen ID.4 1st Edition RWD Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/volkswagen/id4/specs/2021/volkswagen_i.d.-crozz_volkswagen-i.d.-crozz_2021/418044, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021s.
- Celen, A., and Kaba, M. Y., 2021, “Elektrikli Araçlarda Kullanılan Silindirik Lityum İyon Bataryaların Soğutulmasının Parametrik İncelenmesi”, Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 33(1), 49-61.
- Celen, A., ve Kalkan, O., 2021, “Numerical Investigation on the Usage of Finned Surface in Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxides Batteries by Using Air Cooling Method”, Energy Storage, e216.
- Chen, D., Jiang, J., Kim, G. H., Yang, C., and Pesaran, A., 2016, “Comparison of different cooling methods for lithium ion battery cells”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 94, 846-854.
- Clean Technica. Electric Car Evolution, https://cleantechnica.com/2015/04/26/electric-car-history/, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021.
- Dinçer, I., Hamut, H. S., and Javani, N., 2016, Thermal management of electric vehicle battery systems, John Wiley & Sons.
- Durmuş, F. S., and Kaymaz, H., 2020, “Elektrikli Araç Şarj Yöntemleri”, Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemleri ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 3(2), 123-139.
- Ehsani, M., Gao, Y., Longo, S., and Ebrahimi, K. M., 2018, Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles, CRC press.
- Fessler, D. C., 2019, The energy disruption triangle: three sectors that will change how we generate, use, and store energy, John Wiley & Sons.
- Forbes, Best Electric Cars For 2021, https://www.forbes.com/wheels/best/electric-cars/, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021a.
- Forbes, Best Hybrid Cars For 2021, https://www.forbes.com/wheels/best/best-hybrid-cars/, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021b.
- Hedef Filo, Elektrikli Araçların Tarihçesi, https://ev.hedeffilo.com/elektrikli-arac-tarihcesi#:~:text=Tarihte%20bilinen%20ilk%20elektrikli%20motor,batarya%20kullanılan%20küçük%20bir%20lokomotifti, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021.
- International Energy Agency, Global Electric Car Sales by Key Markets 2010-2020e, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-electric-car-sales-by-key-markets-2010-2020, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021.
- Kalkan, O., Celen, A., Bakirci, K., ve Dalkilic, A. S., 2021, “Experimental investigation of thermal performance of novel cold plate design used in a Li-ion pouch-type battery”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 191, 116885.
- Larminie, J., and Lowry, J., 2012, Electric vehicle technology explained, John Wiley & Sons.
- Lelie, M., Braun, T., Knips, M., Nordmann, H., Ringbeck, F., Zappen, H., and Sauer, D. U., 2018, “Battery management system hardware concepts: an overview”, Applied Sciences, 8(4), 534.
- Li, J., Adewuyi, K., Lotfi, N., Landers, R. G., and Park, J., 2018, “A single particle model with chemical/mechanical degradation physics for lithium ion battery State of Health (SOH) estimation”, Applied energy, 212, 1178-1190.
- Li, J., and Zhu, Z., 2014, Battery thermal management systems of electric vehicles, Master's thesis, Chalmers Unıversıty Of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
- Liu, C., Xu, D., Weng, J., Zhou, S., Li, W., Wan, Y., and Huang, Q., 2020, “Phase Change Materials Application in Battery Thermal Management System: A Review”, Materials, 13(20), 4622.
- Moghaddam, H. and Mazyar, S., 2018, Designing battery thermal management systems (BTMS) for cylindrical Lithium-ion battery modules using CFD, Master's thesis, KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Mustaffa, M. R., Atan, R., and Mohamed, W. A. N. W., “Preliminary analysis on fuel cell power plant design for racing vehicles”,International Conference on Advance in Mechanical Engineering, Shah Alam, Malaysia, 2010.
- Nasa Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, The Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle, https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_lrv.html, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021.
- Palinski, M., 2017, A comparison of electric vehicles and conventional automobiles: costs and quality perspective, Bachelor’s Thesis, Novia University of Applied Sciences, Finland.
- Pesaran, A. A., 2002, “Battery thermal models for hybrid vehicle simulations”, Journal of power sources, 110(2), 377-382.
- Şenlik, İ., 2015, “Uyuyan Devrim: Elektrikli Araçlar”, Elektrik Mühendisliği Dergisi, 455, 64-67.
- Sökmen, K. F., and Çavuş, M., 2017, “Review of batteries thermal problems and thermal management systems”, Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering (JISE), 1(1), 35-55.
- Talluri, T., Kim, T. H., and Shin, K. J., 2020, “Analysis of a battery pack with a phase change material for the extreme temperature conditions of an electrical vehicle”, Energies, 13(3), 507.
- Tie, S. F., and Tan, C. W., 2013, “A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles”, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 20, 82-102.
- Türkiye Elektrikli ve Hibrit Araçları Derneği, 2020 Yılı Elektrikli ve Hibrid Satış Rakamları Belli Oldu, http://tehad.org/2021/01/16/2020-yili-elektrikli-ve-hibrid-otomobil-satis-rakamlari-belli-oldu/, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021.
- Ye, Y., Saw, L. H., Shi, Y., and Tay, A. A., 2015, “Numerical analyses on optimizing a heat pipe thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries during fast charging”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 86, 281-291.
- Yong, J. Y., Ramachandaramurthy, V. K., Tan, K. M., and Mithulananthan, N., 2015, “A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 49, 365-385.
- Zhao, C., Zhang, B., Zheng, Y., Huang, S., Yan, T., and Liu, X., 2020, “Hybrid Battery Thermal Management System in Electrical Vehicles: A Review”, Energies, 13(23), 6257.
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 1119 - 1136, 04.12.2021
Öz
Nowadays, electric vehicles come to the fore more than vehicles with internal combustion engines since electric vehicles are environmentally friendly and highly more efficient. Selection and thermal management of the battery, which is one of the most important equipment that constitutes electric vehicles, is important. In this study, the general view (history, classification, sales numbers, market shares) of electric vehicles, battery types that can be used in electric vehicles and battery thermal management systems were investigated. Different types of batteries commonly used in applications are compared according to their characteristics, and among these batteries, it has been observed that the type of battery that can be used in electric vehicles is lithium-ion batteries which have high specific energy (118-250 Wh/kg), high energy density (200-400 Wh/L), high specific power (200-430 W/kg), high cycle life (2000) and ideal operating temperature (-20oC-60oC). The thermal management systems, which can be used to obtain maximum performance from these batteries, are investigated and advantages and disadvantages of these methods are investigated. While it has been seen that air cooling is sufficient in vehicles with low thermal load (hybrid electric vehicles, etc.), it is observed that the use of liquid and hybrid cooling methods is appropriate in vehicles with high thermal load (full electric vehicles).
Anahtar Kelimeler
Electric vehicles batteries battery thermal management systems
Kaynakça
- Arora, S., 2018, “Selection of thermal management system for modular battery packs of electric vehicles: A review of existing and emerging technologies”, Journal of Power Sources, 400, 621-640.
- Battery University Group, BU-205: Types of Lithium-ion, https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-205-types-of-lithium-ion, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021a.
- Battery University Group, BU-214: Summary Table of Lead-based Batteries, https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-214-summary-table-of-lead-based-batteries, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021b.
- Battery University Group, BU-215: Summary Table of Nickel-based Batteries, https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-215-summary-table-of-nickel-based-batteries, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021c.
- Battery University Group, BU-216: Summary Table of Lithium-based Batteries, https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-216-summary-table-of-lithium-based-batteries, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021d.
- Bhattacharjee, A., Mohanty, R. K., and Ghosh, A., 2020, “Design of an Optimized Thermal Management System for Li-Ion Batteries under Different Discharging Conditions”, Energies, 13(21), 5695.
- Car and Driver, 2020 Hyundai Ioniq Limited Hatchback Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/hyundai/ioniq/specs/2020/hyundai_ioniq_hyundai-ioniq-hybrid_2020/411990, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021a.
- Car and Driver, 2020 Kia Optima EX Auto Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/kia/optima/specs/2020/kia_optima_kia-optima-hybrid_2020/408076, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021b.
- Car and Driver, 2020 Lexus ES ES 300h FWD Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/lexus/es/specs/2020/lexus_es_lexus-es300h_2020/411185, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021c.
- Car and Driver, 2020 Toyota Corolla Hybrid LE CVT (Natl) Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/toyota/corolla/specs/2020/toyota_corolla_toyota-corolla-hybrid_2020/404764, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021d.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Audi E-Tron / E-Tron Sportback Prestige Quattro Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/audi/e-tron/specs/2021/audi_e-tron_audi-e-tron_2021/416244, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021e.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Chevrolet Bolt EV Premier 5dr Wgn Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/chevrolet/bolt-ev-2021/specs/2021/chevrolet_bolt-ev_chevrolet-bolt-ev_2021/418205, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021f.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Ford Mustang Mach-E Premium AWD Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/ford/mustang-mach-e/specs/2021/ford_mach-e_ford-mach-e_2021/415586, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021g.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Honda Accord Touring Sedan Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/honda/accord/specs/2021/honda_accord_honda-accord-hybrid_2021/418420, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021h.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Honda Insight Touring CVT Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/honda/insight/specs/2021/honda_insight_honda-insight_2021/413228, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021i.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Hyundai Kona Electric Ultimate FWD Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/hyundai/kona-electric/specs/2021/hyundai_kona-electric_hyundai-kona-electric_2021/416046, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021j.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Hyundai Sonata Limited 2.0L Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/hyundai/sonata/specs/2021/hyundai_sonata_hyundai-sonata-hybrid_2021/416760, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021k.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Porsche Taycan Turbo S AWD Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/porsche/taycan/specs/2021/porsche_taycan_porsche-taycan_2021/418548, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021l.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Tesla Model 3 Performance AWD Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/tesla/model-3/specs/2021/tesla_model-3_tesla-model-3_2020/412469, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021m.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Tesla Model Y Performance AWD Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/tesla/model-y/specs/2021/tesla_model-y_tesla-model-y_2020/412746, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021n.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Toyota Avalon Hybrid Limited FWD (Natl) Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/toyota/avalon/specs/2021/toyota_avalon_toyota-avalon-hybrid_2021/413789, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021o.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Toyota Camry Hybrid XSE CVT (Natl) Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/toyota/camry/specs/2021/toyota_camry_toyota-camry-hybrid_2021/416041, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021p.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Toyota Prius Limited (Natl) Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/toyota/prius/specs/2021/toyota_prius_toyota-prius_2021/413844, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021q.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Toyota RAV4 Hybrid Hybrid XLE Premium AWD (Natl) Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/toyota/rav4-hybrid/specs/2021/toyota_toyota-rav4-hybrid_rav4-hybrid_2021/414763, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021r.
- Car and Driver, 2021 Volkswagen ID.4 1st Edition RWD Features And Specs, https://www.caranddriver.com/volkswagen/id4/specs/2021/volkswagen_i.d.-crozz_volkswagen-i.d.-crozz_2021/418044, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021s.
- Celen, A., and Kaba, M. Y., 2021, “Elektrikli Araçlarda Kullanılan Silindirik Lityum İyon Bataryaların Soğutulmasının Parametrik İncelenmesi”, Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 33(1), 49-61.
- Celen, A., ve Kalkan, O., 2021, “Numerical Investigation on the Usage of Finned Surface in Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxides Batteries by Using Air Cooling Method”, Energy Storage, e216.
- Chen, D., Jiang, J., Kim, G. H., Yang, C., and Pesaran, A., 2016, “Comparison of different cooling methods for lithium ion battery cells”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 94, 846-854.
- Clean Technica. Electric Car Evolution, https://cleantechnica.com/2015/04/26/electric-car-history/, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021.
- Dinçer, I., Hamut, H. S., and Javani, N., 2016, Thermal management of electric vehicle battery systems, John Wiley & Sons.
- Durmuş, F. S., and Kaymaz, H., 2020, “Elektrikli Araç Şarj Yöntemleri”, Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemleri ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 3(2), 123-139.
- Ehsani, M., Gao, Y., Longo, S., and Ebrahimi, K. M., 2018, Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles, CRC press.
- Fessler, D. C., 2019, The energy disruption triangle: three sectors that will change how we generate, use, and store energy, John Wiley & Sons.
- Forbes, Best Electric Cars For 2021, https://www.forbes.com/wheels/best/electric-cars/, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021a.
- Forbes, Best Hybrid Cars For 2021, https://www.forbes.com/wheels/best/best-hybrid-cars/, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021b.
- Hedef Filo, Elektrikli Araçların Tarihçesi, https://ev.hedeffilo.com/elektrikli-arac-tarihcesi#:~:text=Tarihte%20bilinen%20ilk%20elektrikli%20motor,batarya%20kullanılan%20küçük%20bir%20lokomotifti, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021.
- International Energy Agency, Global Electric Car Sales by Key Markets 2010-2020e, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-electric-car-sales-by-key-markets-2010-2020, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021.
- Kalkan, O., Celen, A., Bakirci, K., ve Dalkilic, A. S., 2021, “Experimental investigation of thermal performance of novel cold plate design used in a Li-ion pouch-type battery”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 191, 116885.
- Larminie, J., and Lowry, J., 2012, Electric vehicle technology explained, John Wiley & Sons.
- Lelie, M., Braun, T., Knips, M., Nordmann, H., Ringbeck, F., Zappen, H., and Sauer, D. U., 2018, “Battery management system hardware concepts: an overview”, Applied Sciences, 8(4), 534.
- Li, J., Adewuyi, K., Lotfi, N., Landers, R. G., and Park, J., 2018, “A single particle model with chemical/mechanical degradation physics for lithium ion battery State of Health (SOH) estimation”, Applied energy, 212, 1178-1190.
- Li, J., and Zhu, Z., 2014, Battery thermal management systems of electric vehicles, Master's thesis, Chalmers Unıversıty Of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
- Liu, C., Xu, D., Weng, J., Zhou, S., Li, W., Wan, Y., and Huang, Q., 2020, “Phase Change Materials Application in Battery Thermal Management System: A Review”, Materials, 13(20), 4622.
- Moghaddam, H. and Mazyar, S., 2018, Designing battery thermal management systems (BTMS) for cylindrical Lithium-ion battery modules using CFD, Master's thesis, KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Mustaffa, M. R., Atan, R., and Mohamed, W. A. N. W., “Preliminary analysis on fuel cell power plant design for racing vehicles”,International Conference on Advance in Mechanical Engineering, Shah Alam, Malaysia, 2010.
- Nasa Space Science Data Coordinated Archive, The Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle, https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo_lrv.html, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021.
- Palinski, M., 2017, A comparison of electric vehicles and conventional automobiles: costs and quality perspective, Bachelor’s Thesis, Novia University of Applied Sciences, Finland.
- Pesaran, A. A., 2002, “Battery thermal models for hybrid vehicle simulations”, Journal of power sources, 110(2), 377-382.
- Şenlik, İ., 2015, “Uyuyan Devrim: Elektrikli Araçlar”, Elektrik Mühendisliği Dergisi, 455, 64-67.
- Sökmen, K. F., and Çavuş, M., 2017, “Review of batteries thermal problems and thermal management systems”, Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering (JISE), 1(1), 35-55.
- Talluri, T., Kim, T. H., and Shin, K. J., 2020, “Analysis of a battery pack with a phase change material for the extreme temperature conditions of an electrical vehicle”, Energies, 13(3), 507.
- Tie, S. F., and Tan, C. W., 2013, “A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles”, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 20, 82-102.
- Türkiye Elektrikli ve Hibrit Araçları Derneği, 2020 Yılı Elektrikli ve Hibrid Satış Rakamları Belli Oldu, http://tehad.org/2021/01/16/2020-yili-elektrikli-ve-hibrid-otomobil-satis-rakamlari-belli-oldu/, Ziyaret tarihi: 27 Nisan 2021.
- Ye, Y., Saw, L. H., Shi, Y., and Tay, A. A., 2015, “Numerical analyses on optimizing a heat pipe thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries during fast charging”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 86, 281-291.
- Yong, J. Y., Ramachandaramurthy, V. K., Tan, K. M., and Mithulananthan, N., 2015, “A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 49, 365-385.
- Zhao, C., Zhang, B., Zheng, Y., Huang, S., Yan, T., and Liu, X., 2020, “Hybrid Battery Thermal Management System in Electrical Vehicles: A Review”, Energies, 13(23), 6257.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Mühendislik |
| Bölüm | Derleme |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 4 Aralık 2021 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 31 Mayıs 2021 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 2 Eylül 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4 |
