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Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar: Türkiye Örneği

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 40, 122 - 131, 29.06.2021

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı doğrudan yabancı yatırımların yenilenebilir enerji üzerindeki etkisini belirlemektir. Bu amaçla Türkiye ekonomisi analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada Johansen eşbütünleşme yöntemi ve Hacker - Hatemi (2006) bootstrap nedensellik testi kullanılmıştır. Eşbütünleşme testi sonucuna göre doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve yenilenebilir enerji arasında uzun dönem ilişki bulunmamaktadır. Ayrıca doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar ve yenilenebilir enerji arasında nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilememiştir. Ulaşılan bu bulgulara göre, doğrudan yabancı yatırımlar teknolojik yayılım ya da çevre kirliliği kanalıyla yenilenebilir enerjiyi etkileyemeyecektir. Bu durumda doğrudan yabancı yatırımlardaki artışlar yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi üzerinde olumlu ya da olumsuz bir etki yaratmayacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Mulali, U. ve Tang, C. F. (2013). Investigating the Validity of Pollution Haven Hypothesis in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries. Energy Policy, 60, 813–819.
  • Aliyu, M. A. (2005). Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment: Pollution Haven Hypothesis Revisited. Eight Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis, Lübeck, Germany, 9-11 June 2005.
  • Apergis, N. (2015). Does Renewables Production Affect Income Inequality? Evidence from an International Panel of Countries. Applied Economics Letters, 22(11), 865-868.
  • Apergis, N. ve Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption-Growth Nexus: Evidence from A Panel Error Correction Model. Energy Economics, 34, 733–738.
  • Asongu, S. A. ve Odhiambo, N. M. (2021). Inequality and Renewable Energy Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implication for High Income Countries. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, DOI: 10.1080/13511610.2020.1861442.
  • Cole, M.A.ve Elliot, R.J.R. ( 2005). FDI and the Capital Intensity of “Dirty” Sectors: A Missing Piece of the Pollution Haven Puzzle. Review of Development Economics, 9(4), 530-548.
  • Cheng, C., Ren, X., Wang, Z. ve Yan, C. (2019). Heterogeneous Impacts of Renewable Energy and Environmental Patents on CO2 Emission-Evidence from the BRICS. Science of Total Environment, 668, 1328-1338.
  • Çağlar, A. E. (2020). The Importance of Renewable Energy Consumption and FDI Inflows in Reducing Environmental Degradation: Bootstrap ARDL Bound Test in Selected 9 Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264 (2020), 121663.
  • Doytch, N. ve Narayan, S. (2016). Does FDI Influence Renewable Energy Consumption? An Analysis of Sectoral FDI Impact on Renewable and Nonrenewable Industrial Energy Consumption. Energy Economics 54, 291–301.
  • Ergun, S. J., Owusu, P. A. ve Rivas, M. F. (2019). Determinants of Renewable Energy Consumption in Africa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 15390–15405.
  • Hagert, M. ve Marton, C. (2017). The Effects of FDI on Renewable Energy Consumption: A Study of the Effects of Foreign Investments in Middle-İncome Countries. Lund University,School of Economics and Management, https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=8912090&fileOId=8912094.
  • Johansen, S., ve Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration - With Applications to the Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
  • Johansen S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231–54. Kılıçarslan, Z. (2019). The Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Renewable Energy Production: Evidence from Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9 (4) (2019), 291-297
  • Kutan, A.M., Paramati, S.R., Ummalla, M. ve Zakari, A. (2017). Financing Renewable Energy Projects in Major Emerging Market Economies: Evidence in the Perspective of Sustainable Economic Development, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade,54(8), 1-35.
  • Lee, C. G. (2009). Foreign Direct Investment, Pollution and Economic Growth: Evidence from Malaysia. Applied Economics, 41(13), 1709-1716. Lee, H., Lee, J. ve Kim, H.H. (2011). Foreign Direct Investment, Technology Diffusion, and Host Country Productivity Growth. ADB Economics Working Paper Series, No. 272, Asia Development Bank, https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29120/economics-wp272.pdf
  • Mabey, N., McNally, R. ve Zarsky, L. (2003). Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment: From Pollution Havens to Sustainable Development. WWF-UK, 2003-07. Mani, M. ve Wheeler, D. (1998). In Search of Pollution Havens?Dirty Industry in the World Economy 1960 to 1995. Journal of Environment and Development, 7(3), 215-247.
  • Mike, F. (2020). Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi Türkiye için Geçerli Mi? ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımından Bulgular. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 21 (2), 107 – 121.
  • Polat, M. A. (2015). Türkiye’de Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ile CO2 Emisyonu arasındaki İliskinin Yapısal Kırılmalı Testler ile Analizi. Journal of International Social Research 8(41), 1127-1135.
  • Seker, F., Ertugrul, H.M. ve Cetin, M. (2015). The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment On Environmental Quality: A Bounds Testing and Causality Analysis for Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,52, 347-356.
  • Shahbaz, M., Balsalobre-Lorente, D. ve Sinha, A. (2019). Foreign Direct Investment-CO2 Emissions Nexus in Middle East and North African Countries: Importance of Biomass Energy Consumption.. Journal of Cleaner Production, 217, 603-614.
  • Solarin, S.A., Al-Mulali, U., Musah, I. ve Ozturk, I. (2017). Investigating the Pollution Haven Hypothesis in Ghana: An Empirical Investigation. Energy 124, 706-719.
  • Tang, C. F. ve Tan, B. W. (2015). The Impact of Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Direct Investment on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Vietnam. Energy, 79, 447-454.
  • Toda, H. Y. ve Yamamoto,T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225–250.
  • Ur-Rahman, Z., Chongbo,W. ve Ahmad, M. (2019). An (a)Symmetric Analysis of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis in the Context 0f Pakistan: A Non-Linear Approach. Carbon Management, 10(3), 227-239.
  • Wall, R., Grafakos, S., Gianoli, A. ve Stavropoulos, S. (2019). Which Policy Instruments Attract Foreign Direct Investments in Renewable Energy?. Climate Policy,19(1), 59-72.
  • Yıldırım, M., Destek, M. A. ve Özsoy, F. N. (2017). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar ve Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi. C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 18(2), 99-111. Zhao, J., Jiang, Q. ve Dong, K. (2020). Income Inequality and Natural Gas Consumption in China: Do Heterogeneous and Threshold Effects Exist?. Australian Economic Papers, 2020,1–21.

Renewable Energy and Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Turkey

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 40, 122 - 131, 29.06.2021

Öz

This study aims to determine the impact of foreign direct investments on renewable energy. To this end, Turkey's economy is analyzed. The Johansen cointegration method and Hacker - Hatemi (2006) bootstrap causality test are used in this study. According to the cointegration test results, there is no long-term relationship between foreign direct investments and renewable energy. Additionally, the causality relationship between foreign direct investments and renewable energy could not be determined. According to these findings, foreign direct investments will not affect renewable energy through technological diffusion or environmental pollution. Therefore, in this case, the increase in foreign direct investments will not positively or negatively impact renewable energy consumption. 

Kaynakça

  • Al-Mulali, U. ve Tang, C. F. (2013). Investigating the Validity of Pollution Haven Hypothesis in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries. Energy Policy, 60, 813–819.
  • Aliyu, M. A. (2005). Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment: Pollution Haven Hypothesis Revisited. Eight Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis, Lübeck, Germany, 9-11 June 2005.
  • Apergis, N. (2015). Does Renewables Production Affect Income Inequality? Evidence from an International Panel of Countries. Applied Economics Letters, 22(11), 865-868.
  • Apergis, N. ve Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption-Growth Nexus: Evidence from A Panel Error Correction Model. Energy Economics, 34, 733–738.
  • Asongu, S. A. ve Odhiambo, N. M. (2021). Inequality and Renewable Energy Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implication for High Income Countries. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, DOI: 10.1080/13511610.2020.1861442.
  • Cole, M.A.ve Elliot, R.J.R. ( 2005). FDI and the Capital Intensity of “Dirty” Sectors: A Missing Piece of the Pollution Haven Puzzle. Review of Development Economics, 9(4), 530-548.
  • Cheng, C., Ren, X., Wang, Z. ve Yan, C. (2019). Heterogeneous Impacts of Renewable Energy and Environmental Patents on CO2 Emission-Evidence from the BRICS. Science of Total Environment, 668, 1328-1338.
  • Çağlar, A. E. (2020). The Importance of Renewable Energy Consumption and FDI Inflows in Reducing Environmental Degradation: Bootstrap ARDL Bound Test in Selected 9 Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264 (2020), 121663.
  • Doytch, N. ve Narayan, S. (2016). Does FDI Influence Renewable Energy Consumption? An Analysis of Sectoral FDI Impact on Renewable and Nonrenewable Industrial Energy Consumption. Energy Economics 54, 291–301.
  • Ergun, S. J., Owusu, P. A. ve Rivas, M. F. (2019). Determinants of Renewable Energy Consumption in Africa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 15390–15405.
  • Hagert, M. ve Marton, C. (2017). The Effects of FDI on Renewable Energy Consumption: A Study of the Effects of Foreign Investments in Middle-İncome Countries. Lund University,School of Economics and Management, https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=8912090&fileOId=8912094.
  • Johansen, S., ve Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration - With Applications to the Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
  • Johansen S. (1988). Statistical Analysis of Cointegration Vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12, 231–54. Kılıçarslan, Z. (2019). The Relationship between Foreign Direct Investment and Renewable Energy Production: Evidence from Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 9 (4) (2019), 291-297
  • Kutan, A.M., Paramati, S.R., Ummalla, M. ve Zakari, A. (2017). Financing Renewable Energy Projects in Major Emerging Market Economies: Evidence in the Perspective of Sustainable Economic Development, Emerging Markets Finance and Trade,54(8), 1-35.
  • Lee, C. G. (2009). Foreign Direct Investment, Pollution and Economic Growth: Evidence from Malaysia. Applied Economics, 41(13), 1709-1716. Lee, H., Lee, J. ve Kim, H.H. (2011). Foreign Direct Investment, Technology Diffusion, and Host Country Productivity Growth. ADB Economics Working Paper Series, No. 272, Asia Development Bank, https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29120/economics-wp272.pdf
  • Mabey, N., McNally, R. ve Zarsky, L. (2003). Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment: From Pollution Havens to Sustainable Development. WWF-UK, 2003-07. Mani, M. ve Wheeler, D. (1998). In Search of Pollution Havens?Dirty Industry in the World Economy 1960 to 1995. Journal of Environment and Development, 7(3), 215-247.
  • Mike, F. (2020). Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi Türkiye için Geçerli Mi? ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımından Bulgular. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 21 (2), 107 – 121.
  • Polat, M. A. (2015). Türkiye’de Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ile CO2 Emisyonu arasındaki İliskinin Yapısal Kırılmalı Testler ile Analizi. Journal of International Social Research 8(41), 1127-1135.
  • Seker, F., Ertugrul, H.M. ve Cetin, M. (2015). The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment On Environmental Quality: A Bounds Testing and Causality Analysis for Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,52, 347-356.
  • Shahbaz, M., Balsalobre-Lorente, D. ve Sinha, A. (2019). Foreign Direct Investment-CO2 Emissions Nexus in Middle East and North African Countries: Importance of Biomass Energy Consumption.. Journal of Cleaner Production, 217, 603-614.
  • Solarin, S.A., Al-Mulali, U., Musah, I. ve Ozturk, I. (2017). Investigating the Pollution Haven Hypothesis in Ghana: An Empirical Investigation. Energy 124, 706-719.
  • Tang, C. F. ve Tan, B. W. (2015). The Impact of Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Direct Investment on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Vietnam. Energy, 79, 447-454.
  • Toda, H. Y. ve Yamamoto,T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225–250.
  • Ur-Rahman, Z., Chongbo,W. ve Ahmad, M. (2019). An (a)Symmetric Analysis of the Pollution Haven Hypothesis in the Context 0f Pakistan: A Non-Linear Approach. Carbon Management, 10(3), 227-239.
  • Wall, R., Grafakos, S., Gianoli, A. ve Stavropoulos, S. (2019). Which Policy Instruments Attract Foreign Direct Investments in Renewable Energy?. Climate Policy,19(1), 59-72.
  • Yıldırım, M., Destek, M. A. ve Özsoy, F. N. (2017). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar ve Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi. C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 18(2), 99-111. Zhao, J., Jiang, Q. ve Dong, K. (2020). Income Inequality and Natural Gas Consumption in China: Do Heterogeneous and Threshold Effects Exist?. Australian Economic Papers, 2020,1–21.
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ayşe Arı

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 40

Kaynak Göster

APA Arı, A. (2021). Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar: Türkiye Örneği. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 23(40), 122-131.

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