ZOLLVEREIN AND II. REICH A ANALYSIS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ZOLLVEREIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF GERMAN NATIONAL UNITY
Öz
This study aims to analyze the relationship between the establisment of German National Unity and the Zollverein, continuing its existence until 1919 after being founded in 1834 under the leadership the Kingdom of Prussia. Since there is not even a descriptive research in the Turkish literature related to the subject, the study deals with the subject by comparing two different views by analyzing the historical events in a chronological order. According to the first view, the establishment of German national unity is based on the military and operational genius of Prussian military staff, especially Bismarck. According to this idea, German national unity was able to be founded thanks to the military and political moves of Prussian staff, especially Bismarck who managed to use it effectively both politically and militarily since the second half of 19th century. However, the opposing view states that the foundation of the union and Prussia's taking a leading role was laid with the Zollverein. According to this idea, the Zollverein enabled Prussia to establish economic leadership over the other German states and helped it to acquire political leadership over time. The study is a qualitative research, in which the opinions of experts were reached through archive scanning and the analysis was made accordingly. It has been found that Zollverein undertook an important mission by contributing to industrialization, but the main factor in the establishment of German national unity was the military, operational and political actions implemented by the Prussian staff.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Armaoğlu, F. (1997). 19. yüzyıl siyasî tarihi (1789-1914). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları VII.
- Ateş, T. (2007). Siyasal tarih. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları 76.
- Baack, L. J. (1980), Christian Bernstorff and Prussia: diplomacy and reform consematism. New Brunswick, N.J.
- Bismarck, O. V. (2007). Bismarck volume 2 the man & the statesman. New York: Cosmo Classics, (Originally published in 1899).
- Bismarck, O. V. (1952). Düşünceler ve hatıralar. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayını Cilt:1.
- Billinger, Robert D. Jr. (1976). The war scare of 1831 and Prussian-south German plans for the end of Austrian dominance in Germany. Central European History 9.
- Bissing, W. M. V. (1959). Der Deutsche Zollverein und die monet¨aren probleme, Schmollers Jahrbuch für Wirtschafts und Sozialwissenschaften 79.
- Blackbourn, D. (1994). Marpingen: apparitions of the Virgin Mary in nineteenth-century Germany. New York.
- Dedinger B. (2012). Le problème des statistiques allemandes du commerce extérieur avant 1871. Histoire@Politique. Politique, culture, société, 17. www.histoire-politique.fr.
- Dedinger, B. (2015). Trade statistics of the Zollverein 1834-1871. Revue de l'ofce, 2015/4 (N° 140), 67-85.
- Driault, É. (1919). The coalition of Europe against Napoleon. The American Historical Review, 24(4), 603-624.
- Droysen, J. G. (1876). Zur Vorgeschichte des deutschen Zollvereins: Die preussisch-hessische Zollunion vom 14. februar 1828, Leipzig: Abhandlungen zur neueren Geschich te Leipzig.
- Evans, R. J. (2005). Death in Hamburg: Society and politics in the cholera years, 1830–1910. New York.
- Flatnes, O. (2013). From musket to metallic cartridge: A practical history of black powder firearms. Ramsbury, Marlborough: Crowood Press.
- Fulbrook, M. (2011). Almanya'nın kısa tarihi. (Gürses, S. Çev.) İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
- Gast, G. (1968). Der preußiche Partikularismus und sein Zollverein, Finanz Archiv/Public Finance Analysis, Band 27, H. 1/2, 226-303.
- Hahn, H. W. (1982). Wirschaftliche integration im 19. Jahrhundert, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
- Hamerow, T. S. (1958). Restoration, remlution, reaction: Economics and politics in Germany, 1815-1871, Princeton.
- Henderson, W. O. (1975). The Zollverein, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Holste, H. (2002). Der deutsche Bundesstaat im wandel (1867–1933), Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
- Howard, M. E. (1961). The Franco-Prussian war: the German invasion of France, 1870–1871, New York: MacMillan.
- Katzenstein, P. J. (1976). Disjoined partners: Austria and Germany since 1815. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Kissinger, H. (2000). Diplomasi. (Kurt, İ. Çev.) İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
- Kitchen, M. (1978). The political economy of Germany, 1815-1914, London: Croom Helm.
- Lee, S. (2004). Avrupa tarihinden kesitler (1789-1980), Ankara: Dost Kitapevi.
- Lee, W. R. (1988). Economic development and the state in nineteenth-century Germany, Economic History Review 41.
- Lewis, D. (2016). Historical dictionary of contemporary Germany (2. bas.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
- May, A. (1933). The Age of Metfernich 1814-1848, New York.
- Meinecke F. (1918). Das zeitalter der restauration, in preussen und Deutschland im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, Munich.
- Murphy, D. T. (1991). Prussian aims for the Zollverein, 1828?1833. The Historian, 53 (2), 285–302.
- Nester, W. R. (2000). The first global war: Britain, France and the fate of North America, 1756-1775. Greenwood Publishing Group.
- Pinnow, H. (1940). Almanya tarihi, (Baldaş, F. Çev.), İstanbul: Kanaat Kitabevi.
- Pollard, S. (1981). Peaceful conquest: The industrialization of Europe 1760–1970. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Price, A. H. (1949). The evolution of the Zollverein, Ann Arbor.
- Sander, O. (2013). Siyasî tarih, ilkçağlardan 1918'e. İstanbul: İlke Yayınları.
- Shafeaddin, M. (1998). How did developed countries ındustrialize? The history of trade and industrial policy: The cases of Great Britain and the USA, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, no. 139.
- Sheehan, J. (1989). German history, 1780–1866, Oxford.
- Shiue, C. H. (2005). From political fragmentation towards a customs union: Border effects of the German Zollverein, 1815 to 1855, European Review of Economic History 9, Cambridge University Press.
- Taylor, A. J. P. (1946). The course of German history; reprint, New York.
- Viner, J. (1950). The customs unions ıssue, New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
- Von Treitschke, H. (1918). History of Germany in the nineteenth century. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, Vol. 4, 553-55.
- Wawro, G. (1995). The Habsburg 'Flucht Nach Vorne' in 1866: Domestic political origins of the Austro-Prussian War. International History Review, 17#2, 221-248.
Zollverein ve II. Reich: Alman Ulusal Birliğinin Kurulması ile Zollverein’in İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Analiz
Öz
Bu çalışma, 1834 yılında Prusya Krallığı’nın öncülüğünde kurulup 1919 yılına kadar varlığını sürdüren Zollverein ile Alman ulusal birliğinin kuruluşunun ilişkisini analiz etmektedir. Konu ile ilgili Türkçe literatürde tanımlayıcı bir araştırmaya dahi rastlanmamıştır. Bu yüzden bu çalışma, konuya iki farklı görüş açısını ve uzman görüşlerini kıyaslayarak ve tarihî olayları kronolojik sırayla analiz ederek yaklaşmaktadır. Birinci görüşe göre, bazı araştırmacılar tarafından Alman ulusal birliğinin kuruluşundan bahsedilirken başta Bismarck olmak üzere, Prusya kurmaylarının askerî ve operasyonel dehası ön plana çıkarılmaktadır. Bu düşünceye göre Alman ulusal birliğinin kurulması, Prusya'nın artan gücü ile etkisini 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren hem siyasî hem de askerî olarak etkin bir şekilde kullanmayı başaran başta Bismarck olmak üzere Prusya kurmaylarının askerî ve siyasi hamleleri sayesinde mümkün olmuştur. Karşıt görüş ise birliğin kurulmasının ve Prusya’nın öncü bir rol üstlenmesinin temelinin Zollverein ile atıldığını ifade etmektedir. Bu fikre göre ise Zollverein, Prusya'nın diğer Alman devletleri üzerinde ekonomik liderlik kurmasını sağlamış ve zamanla siyasî liderliği elde etmesinin yolunu açmıştır. Nitel bir araştırma olarak tasarlanan çalışmada, konu ile ilgili uzmanların görüşlerine arşiv taraması yöntemiyle ulaşılmış ve bu sınırlılıklar içerisinde bir analiz yapılmıştır. Zollverein’in endüstrileşmeye katkı sağlayarak önemli bir misyon üstlendiği ancak Alman ulusal birliğinin kurulmasının ana etkenini, Prusya kurmayları tarafından uygulanan askerî, operasyonel ve politik eylemlerin teşkil ettiği bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Armaoğlu, F. (1997). 19. yüzyıl siyasî tarihi (1789-1914). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları VII.
- Ateş, T. (2007). Siyasal tarih. İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları 76.
- Baack, L. J. (1980), Christian Bernstorff and Prussia: diplomacy and reform consematism. New Brunswick, N.J.
- Bismarck, O. V. (2007). Bismarck volume 2 the man & the statesman. New York: Cosmo Classics, (Originally published in 1899).
- Bismarck, O. V. (1952). Düşünceler ve hatıralar. Ankara: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayını Cilt:1.
- Billinger, Robert D. Jr. (1976). The war scare of 1831 and Prussian-south German plans for the end of Austrian dominance in Germany. Central European History 9.
- Bissing, W. M. V. (1959). Der Deutsche Zollverein und die monet¨aren probleme, Schmollers Jahrbuch für Wirtschafts und Sozialwissenschaften 79.
- Blackbourn, D. (1994). Marpingen: apparitions of the Virgin Mary in nineteenth-century Germany. New York.
- Dedinger B. (2012). Le problème des statistiques allemandes du commerce extérieur avant 1871. Histoire@Politique. Politique, culture, société, 17. www.histoire-politique.fr.
- Dedinger, B. (2015). Trade statistics of the Zollverein 1834-1871. Revue de l'ofce, 2015/4 (N° 140), 67-85.
- Driault, É. (1919). The coalition of Europe against Napoleon. The American Historical Review, 24(4), 603-624.
- Droysen, J. G. (1876). Zur Vorgeschichte des deutschen Zollvereins: Die preussisch-hessische Zollunion vom 14. februar 1828, Leipzig: Abhandlungen zur neueren Geschich te Leipzig.
- Evans, R. J. (2005). Death in Hamburg: Society and politics in the cholera years, 1830–1910. New York.
- Flatnes, O. (2013). From musket to metallic cartridge: A practical history of black powder firearms. Ramsbury, Marlborough: Crowood Press.
- Fulbrook, M. (2011). Almanya'nın kısa tarihi. (Gürses, S. Çev.) İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi.
- Gast, G. (1968). Der preußiche Partikularismus und sein Zollverein, Finanz Archiv/Public Finance Analysis, Band 27, H. 1/2, 226-303.
- Hahn, H. W. (1982). Wirschaftliche integration im 19. Jahrhundert, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
- Hamerow, T. S. (1958). Restoration, remlution, reaction: Economics and politics in Germany, 1815-1871, Princeton.
- Henderson, W. O. (1975). The Zollverein, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Holste, H. (2002). Der deutsche Bundesstaat im wandel (1867–1933), Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.
- Howard, M. E. (1961). The Franco-Prussian war: the German invasion of France, 1870–1871, New York: MacMillan.
- Katzenstein, P. J. (1976). Disjoined partners: Austria and Germany since 1815. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Kissinger, H. (2000). Diplomasi. (Kurt, İ. Çev.) İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
- Kitchen, M. (1978). The political economy of Germany, 1815-1914, London: Croom Helm.
- Lee, S. (2004). Avrupa tarihinden kesitler (1789-1980), Ankara: Dost Kitapevi.
- Lee, W. R. (1988). Economic development and the state in nineteenth-century Germany, Economic History Review 41.
- Lewis, D. (2016). Historical dictionary of contemporary Germany (2. bas.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
- May, A. (1933). The Age of Metfernich 1814-1848, New York.
- Meinecke F. (1918). Das zeitalter der restauration, in preussen und Deutschland im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, Munich.
- Murphy, D. T. (1991). Prussian aims for the Zollverein, 1828?1833. The Historian, 53 (2), 285–302.
- Nester, W. R. (2000). The first global war: Britain, France and the fate of North America, 1756-1775. Greenwood Publishing Group.
- Pinnow, H. (1940). Almanya tarihi, (Baldaş, F. Çev.), İstanbul: Kanaat Kitabevi.
- Pollard, S. (1981). Peaceful conquest: The industrialization of Europe 1760–1970. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Price, A. H. (1949). The evolution of the Zollverein, Ann Arbor.
- Sander, O. (2013). Siyasî tarih, ilkçağlardan 1918'e. İstanbul: İlke Yayınları.
- Shafeaddin, M. (1998). How did developed countries ındustrialize? The history of trade and industrial policy: The cases of Great Britain and the USA, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, no. 139.
- Sheehan, J. (1989). German history, 1780–1866, Oxford.
- Shiue, C. H. (2005). From political fragmentation towards a customs union: Border effects of the German Zollverein, 1815 to 1855, European Review of Economic History 9, Cambridge University Press.
- Taylor, A. J. P. (1946). The course of German history; reprint, New York.
- Viner, J. (1950). The customs unions ıssue, New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
- Von Treitschke, H. (1918). History of Germany in the nineteenth century. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, Vol. 4, 553-55.
- Wawro, G. (1995). The Habsburg 'Flucht Nach Vorne' in 1866: Domestic political origins of the Austro-Prussian War. International History Review, 17#2, 221-248.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Siyaset Bilimi |
| Bölüm | Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 28 Nisan 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 16 Eylül 2022 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 14 Nisan 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2 |