Öz
Bu çalışmada, toplumlar düzeyinde, girişimcilik eğilimleri ile kültür arasındaki ilişki ele alınmıştır. Eser, Hofstede 1980 tarafından belirlenen kültürel boyutların tekrar değerllendirilmesini de içermektedir. Buna göre, özellikle, girişimcilikle, bireyciliktoplumculuk, güç mesafesi, belirsizlikten kaçınma ve erillik-dişillik kavramları arasındaki ilişki üzerinde durulmuştur. Çalışma, 266 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşan bir örneklem üzerinde gerçekleştirilen bir alan araştırmasıyla kuramsal önermelerin Türkiye’de test edilmesini de içermektedir. Buna göre alan araştırması sonuçları, Türkiye gibi dayanışmanın, güç mesafesinin ve belirsizlikten kaçınmanın yüksek olduğu, yine, orta derecede bir dişil kültüre sahip bir ülkede, bir girişimciden beklenen başlıca özelliklerin kendine güven, risk alabilme, liderlik, yenilikçilik ve paydaşlara karşı sorumlu hareket etme olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Buna ek olarak, bir girişimciden beklenen özelliklere ilişkin tercihlerin katılımcıların yaşı, cinsiyeti, gündüz ya da gece öğrencisi olmaları, kaçıncı sınıfta okudukları, üniversite öncesi yaşadıkları şehir ya da ailelerinin gelir düzeyi gibi etkenlerle ilişkili olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Diğer taraftan, söz konusu tercihler, aile bir girişimcinin olması ile ilişkilidir
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Baum, J.R, Olian, J.D., Erez, M., Schnell, E.R., Smith, K.G., Sims, H.P., Scully, J.S., and Smith, K.A. (1993), “Nationality and work role interactions: a cultural contrast of Israeli and US entrepreneurs’ versus managers’ needs”, Journal of Business Venturing, 8(6), 499-512.
- Bogan, V., Darity Jr., W. (2008), “Culture and entrepreneurship? African American and immigrant self-employment in the United States”, The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37, 1999-2019.
- Davidson, P. (1995), “Culture, structure and regional levels of entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 7(1), 41-62.
- Doepke, M., Zilibotti, F. (2013), Culture, entrepreneurship, and growth. Manuscript in preparation for the Handbook of Economic Growth. www.nber.org https://ideas.repec.org
- Eroğlu, O., Pıçak, M. (2011), “Entreprenurship, national culture and Turkey”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(16), 146-151.
- Etzioni, A. (1987), “Entrepreneurship, adaptation and legitimatization”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 8(2), 175-189.
- Hofstede, G. (1980), Culture’s consequences: international differences in work related values, Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
- Lee, J. (1999), “Impact of culture on entrepreneurship”, AAM Journal, 4(2). web.usm.my>aamj
- Litrell, R. F. (2012), Cultural value dimension theories: Hofstede – A work in progress. Insights, 12(4), 3-6 http://aib.msu.edu/publications/
- McGrath, R. G., MacMillan, I. C., and Scienberg, S. (1992a), “Elitists, risk- takers, and rugged individualists? An exploratory analysis of cultural differences between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs”, Journal of Business Venturing, 7, 115-135.
- McGrath, R. G., MacMillan, I. C. (1992b), “More like each other than anyone else? A Cross-cultural study of entrepreneurial perceptions”, Journal of Business Venturing, 7, 419-429.
- Mooij, M. de, Hofstede, G. (2010), “The Hofstede model. Applications to global branding and advertising strategy and research”, International Journal of Advertising, 29(1), 85-110. doi: 10.2501/S026504870920104X
- Phelps, E., Zoega, G. (XX), “Entrepreneurship, culture and openness”, https://ideas.repec.org>elg>eechap
- Shane, S. (1993), “Cultural influences on national rates of innovation”, Journal of Business Venturing, 8(1), 59-73.
- Spencer-Oatey, H. (2012), What is culture? A compilation of quotations. GlobalPAD Core Concepts. http://go.warwick.ac.uk/globalpadin tercultural
- Thurik, R., Dejardin, M. (2011), “The impact of culture on entrepreneurship”, The European Business Review, January-February, 57-59. www.europeanbusinessreview.com
Öz
This study includes an investigation on the relationship between entrepreneurial tendencies and cultures of nations. This paper also includes, the reevaluation of the cultural dimensions, which were identified by Hofstede 1980 . Thus, the relationship between entrepreneurial tendencies and the concepts of individualismcollectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity and femininity are the mainly focused and examined. This study also includes an field research on a sample of 266 students to test the relationships mainly mentioned above. The findings showed that, self confidence, risk taking, leadership, innovativeness, and responsibility to stakeholders are the most mentioned entrepreneurial characteristics by the sample; as a group in Turkey which has a culture of high levels of collectivism, high power distance, high uncertainty avoidance, and relatively moderate femininity. Moreover, it was also achieved that, the preferences about the entrepreneur characteristics do not change according to the gender, education type, year at the university, income levels of participant’s families, age, or city they lived before university education. On the other hand, preferences are found to be related with the existence of an entrepreneur in the family
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Baum, J.R, Olian, J.D., Erez, M., Schnell, E.R., Smith, K.G., Sims, H.P., Scully, J.S., and Smith, K.A. (1993), “Nationality and work role interactions: a cultural contrast of Israeli and US entrepreneurs’ versus managers’ needs”, Journal of Business Venturing, 8(6), 499-512.
- Bogan, V., Darity Jr., W. (2008), “Culture and entrepreneurship? African American and immigrant self-employment in the United States”, The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37, 1999-2019.
- Davidson, P. (1995), “Culture, structure and regional levels of entrepreneurship”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 7(1), 41-62.
- Doepke, M., Zilibotti, F. (2013), Culture, entrepreneurship, and growth. Manuscript in preparation for the Handbook of Economic Growth. www.nber.org https://ideas.repec.org
- Eroğlu, O., Pıçak, M. (2011), “Entreprenurship, national culture and Turkey”, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(16), 146-151.
- Etzioni, A. (1987), “Entrepreneurship, adaptation and legitimatization”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 8(2), 175-189.
- Hofstede, G. (1980), Culture’s consequences: international differences in work related values, Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
- Lee, J. (1999), “Impact of culture on entrepreneurship”, AAM Journal, 4(2). web.usm.my>aamj
- Litrell, R. F. (2012), Cultural value dimension theories: Hofstede – A work in progress. Insights, 12(4), 3-6 http://aib.msu.edu/publications/
- McGrath, R. G., MacMillan, I. C., and Scienberg, S. (1992a), “Elitists, risk- takers, and rugged individualists? An exploratory analysis of cultural differences between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs”, Journal of Business Venturing, 7, 115-135.
- McGrath, R. G., MacMillan, I. C. (1992b), “More like each other than anyone else? A Cross-cultural study of entrepreneurial perceptions”, Journal of Business Venturing, 7, 419-429.
- Mooij, M. de, Hofstede, G. (2010), “The Hofstede model. Applications to global branding and advertising strategy and research”, International Journal of Advertising, 29(1), 85-110. doi: 10.2501/S026504870920104X
- Phelps, E., Zoega, G. (XX), “Entrepreneurship, culture and openness”, https://ideas.repec.org>elg>eechap
- Shane, S. (1993), “Cultural influences on national rates of innovation”, Journal of Business Venturing, 8(1), 59-73.
- Spencer-Oatey, H. (2012), What is culture? A compilation of quotations. GlobalPAD Core Concepts. http://go.warwick.ac.uk/globalpadin tercultural
- Thurik, R., Dejardin, M. (2011), “The impact of culture on entrepreneurship”, The European Business Review, January-February, 57-59. www.europeanbusinessreview.com
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Research Article |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Aralık 2016 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2016 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4 |