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The Causality Relationship between Tourism and Crime

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 383 - 397, 01.09.2017

Öz

When the related literature is examined; there are numerous studies that associate with the tourism industry and tourism related activities in terms of social, cultural, economic and so on. This is the relationship between tourism and crime, which is important in these studies but one of the least interesting topics in Turkey. For this reason, in the study the relationship between tourism and crime has been investigated with the panel causality approach, by using the number of domestic / foreign tourists and crime data (against earnings, sexual and drugs) of 15 provinces in Turkey for the period 2000-2015. With determining whether the crime is a determining factor in the demand for tourism, it has been demonstrated whether the presence of tourists encourages the crime and how influences the crime. According to the results obtained, while there is a statistically significant effect of tourism on crime, the number of crimes in any destination did not find a statistically significant effect on tourism demand

Kaynakça

  • Adam, Issahaku and Charles AtangaAdongo (2016), “Do backpackers suffer crime? An empirical investigation of crime perpetrated against back packers in Ghana”, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Volume: 27, p. 60-67.
  • Ağayev, Seymur (2010), “Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Geçiş Ekonomileri Örneğinde Panel Eştümleşme Ve Panel Nedensellik Analizleri”, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 12, Sayı: 1, s.1-26.
  • Allen, Jacqui (1999), “Crime Against International Tourists”, NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, Crime and Justice Bulletin, Number: 43, January 1999, http://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Documents/CJB/cjb43.pdf.
  • Alleyne, Dillon and Ian Boxill (2003), “The Impact of Crime on Tourist Arrivals in Jamaica”, International Journal of Tourism Research, Volume: 5, p.381-391.
  • Altindag, Duha T. (2014), “Crime and International Tourism”, Journal Labor Research, Volume: 35, p.1-14.
  • Andrews, Hazel (2009), “Tits Out for the Boys and No Back Chat: Gendered space on holiday”, Space and Culture, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, p.166-182.
  • Badu-Baiden, Frank, Eunice Agyeiwa Adu-Boahen and Felix Elvis Otoo (2016), “Tourists’ Response to Harassment: A Study of International Tourists to Ghana”, Anatolia, Volume: 27, Issue: 4, p.468-479.
  • Baker, David and Susan Stockton (2014), “Tourism and Crime in America: A Preliminary Assessment of the Relationship between the Number of Tourists and Crime, Two Major American Tourist Cities”, International Journal of Safety and Security in Tourism, Volume: 5, p.1-25.
  • Barker, Michael, Stephen J. Page and Denny Meyer (2002), “Modeling Tourism Crime-The 2000 America’s Cup”, Annals of Tourism Research, Volume: 29, Issue: 3, p.762-782.
  • Barker, Michael, Stephen J. Page and Denny Meyer (2003), “Urban Visitor Perceptions of Safety during a Special Event”, Journal of Travel Research, Volume: 41, Issue: 4
  • Basu, Parontab, Chondona Chakraborty and Derrick Reagle (2003), “Liberalization, FDI and Growth in Developing Countries: A Panel Cointegration Approach”, Economic Inquiry, Volume: 41, Issue: 3, p.510-516.
  • Batra, Adarsh (2008), “Foreign Tourists' Perception Towards Personal Safety And Potential Crime While Visiting Bangkok”, Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, Volume: 19, Issue: 1, p.89-101.
  • Becker, Gary (1968). “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach”, Journal of political Economy, Volume: 76, p.169-217.
  • Biagi, Bianca and Claudio Detotto (2014). “Crime as Tourism Externality”, Regional Studies, Volume: 48, Issue: 4, p.693-709.
  • Biagi, Bianca, Maria Giovanna Brandano and Claudio Detotto (2012), “The Effect of Tourism on Crime in Italy: A Dynamic Panel Approach. Economics: The Open-Access”, Open- Assessment E-Journal, Volume: 6, p.1-24.
  • Bloom, Jonathan (1996), “A South African Perspective of the Effects of Crime and Violence on the Tourism Industry”, Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues içinde, (Eds.) Abraham Pizam ve Yoel Mansfeld ( p. 91-102), John Wiley & Sons, New York.
  • Boakye, Kwaku Adutuwm (2010), “Studying Tourists' Suitability as Crime Targets”, Annals of Tourism Research, Volume: 37, Issue: 3, p.727-743.
  • Botterill, David and Trevor Jones (Eds.) (2010), Tourism and Crime: Key Themes. Oxford: Goodfellow.
  • Botterill, David, Sonia R.D.C. Seixas and Joao Lurz Hoeffel (2014), “Tourism and Transgression: Resort Development, Crime and the Drug Economy”, Tourism Planning & Development, Volume: 11, Issue: 1, p.27-41.
  • Bourne, Paul A. (2010), “Crime, Tourism and Trust in a Devoloping Country”, Current Research Journal of Social Sciences, Volume: 2, Issue: 2, p.69-83.
  • Boxill, Ian (1995), “Crime and Sustainable Tourism in Jamaica”, Unpublished paper, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica.
  • Brown, Carol B. (2015), Tourism, Crime and Risk Perception: An Examination of Broadcastmedia's Framing of Negative Aruban Sentiment in the Natalee Holloway Case and its Impact on Tourism Demand, Tourism Management Perspectives, Volume: 16, p.266-277.
  • Brunt, Paul, Rob Mawby and Zoe Hambly (2000), “Tourist Victimization and the Fear of Crime on Holiday”, Tourism Management, Volume: 21, Issue: 4, p.417-424.
  • Brunt, Paul and Derek Shepherd (2004), “The Influence of Crime on Tourist Decision- making: Some Empirical Evidence”, Tourism, Volume: 52, Issue: 4, p.317-326.
  • Chen, Rachel J.C. and Pender Noriega (2003), “The Impacts of Terrorism: Perceptions Faculty and Students on Safety and Security in Tourism”, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Volume: 15, Issue: 2/3, p.81-97.
  • Chepkwony, Richard and Michael Kangogo (2013), “Nature and Factors Influencing Ttourist Harassment at Coastal Beach of Mombasa, Kenya”, International Research Journal of Social Sciences, Volume: 2, p.17-22.
  • Chesney-Lind, Meda and Ian Y. Lind (1986), “Visitors as Victims: Crime against Tourists in Hawaii”, Annals of Tourism Research, Volume: 13, p.167-191.
  • Cohen, Lawrence E. And Marcus Felson (1979), “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activities Approach”, American Sociological Review, Volume: 44, Issue: 4
  • Coondoo, Dipankor and Dinda Soumyananda (2002), “Causality Between Income and Emission. A Country Group-Specific Econometric Analysis”, Ecological Economics, Volume: 40, p.351-367.
  • Crotts, John C. (1996), “Theoretical Perspectives on Tourist Criminal Victimization”, Journal of Tourism Studies, Volume: 7, Issue: 1, p.2-9.
  • Crouch, Geoffrey I. (1994), “The Study of International Tourism Demand”, Journal of Travel Research, Volume: 32, p.41-55.
  • Çakmakcı, Ertan (2015), “Turizm ve Suç Arasındaki İlişki ve Suçun Önlenmesine Yönelik Teoriler”, Turizm Akademik Dergisi, Cilt:2, Sayı: 1, s.49-59.
  • De Albuquerque, Klaus (1981), “Tourism and Crime in the Caribbean: Some Lessons from the United States Virgin Islands”, the Third Annual Meeting of the Association of Caribbean Studies, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
  • De Albuqueque, Klaus and Jerome L. McElroy (1999), “Tourism and Crime in the Caribbean”, Annals of Tourism Research, Volume: 26, Issue: 4, p.968-984.
  • Dunn, Hopeton S. and Leith L. Dunn (2002a), People and Tourism: Issues and Attitudes in the Jamaican Hospitality Industry. Arawak Publications: Kingston.
  • Eades, Jeremy S. (2009), Moving Bodies: The Intersections of Sex, Work and Tourism. Economic Development, Intehration and Morality in Asia and the Americas İçinde, Donald C. Wood (Ed.), (p. 225-253), Bingley: Emerald Publishing Group.
  • Ehrlich, Isaac (1973), “Participation in Illegitimate Activities: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation”, Journal of Political Economy, Volume: 81, p.521-565.
  • Fujii, Edwin and James Mak (1980), “Tourism and Crime: Implications for Regional Development Policy”, Regional Studies, Volume: 14, p.27-36.
  • George, Richard (2002), Marketing South African Tourism and Hospitality, Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
  • George, Richard (2003), “Tourists' Perceptions of Safety and Security while Visiting Cape Town”, Tourism Management, Volume: 24, Issue: 5, p.575-585.
  • George, Richard (2010), “Visit or Perceptions of Crime-Safety and Attitudes towards Risk: The Case of Table Mounta in National Park, Cape Town”, Tourism Management, Volume: 31, p.806-815.
  • Glensor, Ronald W. and Kenneth J. Peak (2004), Crime Against Tourists, US Department of Justice, Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Problem-Specific Guides Series, No: 26.
  • Grinols, Earl L., David B. Mustard and Melissa Staha (2011), “How do visitors affect crime?”, Journal of Quantitativ e Criminology, Volume: 27, Issue: 3, p.363-378.
  • Gugulethu, S. Nkosi (2010), “The Impact of Crime on Tourism in the City of UMhlathuze, KwaZulu-Natal, South Asian”, Journal of Tourism and Heritage, South Africa, Volume: 3, Issue: 2, p.76-81.
  • Harriott, Antony (2007), “Risk Perception and Fear of Criminal Victimization among Visitors to Jamaica: Bringing Perception in Line with Leality”, Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, Volume: 5, Issue: 2-3, p.93-108.
  • Harrison, David (1994), “Tourism and Prostitution: Sleeping with the enemy?”, Tourism Management, Volume: 15, Issue: 6, p.435-443.
  • Holcomb, Judy and Abraham Pizam (2006), “Do Incidents of Theft at Tourist Destinations Have a Negative Effect on Tourists Decisions to Travel to Affected Destinations”, Tourism Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice İçinde Yoel Mansfeld & Abraham Pizam (Eds.), (p.105-124), New York: Butterworth-Heinemann.
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Turizm ve Suç Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3, 383 - 397, 01.09.2017

Öz

İlgili yazın incelendiğinde; turizm sektörünü ve turizm ile ilgili faaliyetleri sosyal, kültürel, ekonomik ve benzeri açıdan ilişkilendiren sayısız çalışma mevcuttur. Bu çalışmalar içerisinde önemli fakat Türkiye’de en az ilgi çeken konulardan birisi olan turizm ile suç arasındaki ilişkidir. Bu nedenle çalışmada, Türkiye’de 2000-2015 yılları arasında 15 ile ait yerli/ yabancı turist sayılarına ve suça (kazanca yönelik, cinsel ve uyuşturucu/uyarıcı madde) ait veriler esas alınarak turizm ve suç arasındaki ilişki panel nedensellik yaklaşımı ile incelenmiştir. Suçun turizm talebininin belirleyici unsuru olup olmadığını belirlemekle birlikte, turistlerin varlığının suçu teşvik edip etmediği ve hangi ölçüde etkilediği ortaya konulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, turizmin suç üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkisi mevcutken herhangi bir destinasyondaki suç sayısının turizm talebi üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkisi bulunamamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Adam, Issahaku and Charles AtangaAdongo (2016), “Do backpackers suffer crime? An empirical investigation of crime perpetrated against back packers in Ghana”, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Volume: 27, p. 60-67.
  • Ağayev, Seymur (2010), “Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Geçiş Ekonomileri Örneğinde Panel Eştümleşme Ve Panel Nedensellik Analizleri”, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt: 12, Sayı: 1, s.1-26.
  • Allen, Jacqui (1999), “Crime Against International Tourists”, NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, Crime and Justice Bulletin, Number: 43, January 1999, http://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Documents/CJB/cjb43.pdf.
  • Alleyne, Dillon and Ian Boxill (2003), “The Impact of Crime on Tourist Arrivals in Jamaica”, International Journal of Tourism Research, Volume: 5, p.381-391.
  • Altindag, Duha T. (2014), “Crime and International Tourism”, Journal Labor Research, Volume: 35, p.1-14.
  • Andrews, Hazel (2009), “Tits Out for the Boys and No Back Chat: Gendered space on holiday”, Space and Culture, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, p.166-182.
  • Badu-Baiden, Frank, Eunice Agyeiwa Adu-Boahen and Felix Elvis Otoo (2016), “Tourists’ Response to Harassment: A Study of International Tourists to Ghana”, Anatolia, Volume: 27, Issue: 4, p.468-479.
  • Baker, David and Susan Stockton (2014), “Tourism and Crime in America: A Preliminary Assessment of the Relationship between the Number of Tourists and Crime, Two Major American Tourist Cities”, International Journal of Safety and Security in Tourism, Volume: 5, p.1-25.
  • Barker, Michael, Stephen J. Page and Denny Meyer (2002), “Modeling Tourism Crime-The 2000 America’s Cup”, Annals of Tourism Research, Volume: 29, Issue: 3, p.762-782.
  • Barker, Michael, Stephen J. Page and Denny Meyer (2003), “Urban Visitor Perceptions of Safety during a Special Event”, Journal of Travel Research, Volume: 41, Issue: 4
  • Basu, Parontab, Chondona Chakraborty and Derrick Reagle (2003), “Liberalization, FDI and Growth in Developing Countries: A Panel Cointegration Approach”, Economic Inquiry, Volume: 41, Issue: 3, p.510-516.
  • Batra, Adarsh (2008), “Foreign Tourists' Perception Towards Personal Safety And Potential Crime While Visiting Bangkok”, Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, Volume: 19, Issue: 1, p.89-101.
  • Becker, Gary (1968). “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach”, Journal of political Economy, Volume: 76, p.169-217.
  • Biagi, Bianca and Claudio Detotto (2014). “Crime as Tourism Externality”, Regional Studies, Volume: 48, Issue: 4, p.693-709.
  • Biagi, Bianca, Maria Giovanna Brandano and Claudio Detotto (2012), “The Effect of Tourism on Crime in Italy: A Dynamic Panel Approach. Economics: The Open-Access”, Open- Assessment E-Journal, Volume: 6, p.1-24.
  • Bloom, Jonathan (1996), “A South African Perspective of the Effects of Crime and Violence on the Tourism Industry”, Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues içinde, (Eds.) Abraham Pizam ve Yoel Mansfeld ( p. 91-102), John Wiley & Sons, New York.
  • Boakye, Kwaku Adutuwm (2010), “Studying Tourists' Suitability as Crime Targets”, Annals of Tourism Research, Volume: 37, Issue: 3, p.727-743.
  • Botterill, David and Trevor Jones (Eds.) (2010), Tourism and Crime: Key Themes. Oxford: Goodfellow.
  • Botterill, David, Sonia R.D.C. Seixas and Joao Lurz Hoeffel (2014), “Tourism and Transgression: Resort Development, Crime and the Drug Economy”, Tourism Planning & Development, Volume: 11, Issue: 1, p.27-41.
  • Bourne, Paul A. (2010), “Crime, Tourism and Trust in a Devoloping Country”, Current Research Journal of Social Sciences, Volume: 2, Issue: 2, p.69-83.
  • Boxill, Ian (1995), “Crime and Sustainable Tourism in Jamaica”, Unpublished paper, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica.
  • Brown, Carol B. (2015), Tourism, Crime and Risk Perception: An Examination of Broadcastmedia's Framing of Negative Aruban Sentiment in the Natalee Holloway Case and its Impact on Tourism Demand, Tourism Management Perspectives, Volume: 16, p.266-277.
  • Brunt, Paul, Rob Mawby and Zoe Hambly (2000), “Tourist Victimization and the Fear of Crime on Holiday”, Tourism Management, Volume: 21, Issue: 4, p.417-424.
  • Brunt, Paul and Derek Shepherd (2004), “The Influence of Crime on Tourist Decision- making: Some Empirical Evidence”, Tourism, Volume: 52, Issue: 4, p.317-326.
  • Chen, Rachel J.C. and Pender Noriega (2003), “The Impacts of Terrorism: Perceptions Faculty and Students on Safety and Security in Tourism”, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, Volume: 15, Issue: 2/3, p.81-97.
  • Chepkwony, Richard and Michael Kangogo (2013), “Nature and Factors Influencing Ttourist Harassment at Coastal Beach of Mombasa, Kenya”, International Research Journal of Social Sciences, Volume: 2, p.17-22.
  • Chesney-Lind, Meda and Ian Y. Lind (1986), “Visitors as Victims: Crime against Tourists in Hawaii”, Annals of Tourism Research, Volume: 13, p.167-191.
  • Cohen, Lawrence E. And Marcus Felson (1979), “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activities Approach”, American Sociological Review, Volume: 44, Issue: 4
  • Coondoo, Dipankor and Dinda Soumyananda (2002), “Causality Between Income and Emission. A Country Group-Specific Econometric Analysis”, Ecological Economics, Volume: 40, p.351-367.
  • Crotts, John C. (1996), “Theoretical Perspectives on Tourist Criminal Victimization”, Journal of Tourism Studies, Volume: 7, Issue: 1, p.2-9.
  • Crouch, Geoffrey I. (1994), “The Study of International Tourism Demand”, Journal of Travel Research, Volume: 32, p.41-55.
  • Çakmakcı, Ertan (2015), “Turizm ve Suç Arasındaki İlişki ve Suçun Önlenmesine Yönelik Teoriler”, Turizm Akademik Dergisi, Cilt:2, Sayı: 1, s.49-59.
  • De Albuquerque, Klaus (1981), “Tourism and Crime in the Caribbean: Some Lessons from the United States Virgin Islands”, the Third Annual Meeting of the Association of Caribbean Studies, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
  • De Albuqueque, Klaus and Jerome L. McElroy (1999), “Tourism and Crime in the Caribbean”, Annals of Tourism Research, Volume: 26, Issue: 4, p.968-984.
  • Dunn, Hopeton S. and Leith L. Dunn (2002a), People and Tourism: Issues and Attitudes in the Jamaican Hospitality Industry. Arawak Publications: Kingston.
  • Eades, Jeremy S. (2009), Moving Bodies: The Intersections of Sex, Work and Tourism. Economic Development, Intehration and Morality in Asia and the Americas İçinde, Donald C. Wood (Ed.), (p. 225-253), Bingley: Emerald Publishing Group.
  • Ehrlich, Isaac (1973), “Participation in Illegitimate Activities: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation”, Journal of Political Economy, Volume: 81, p.521-565.
  • Fujii, Edwin and James Mak (1980), “Tourism and Crime: Implications for Regional Development Policy”, Regional Studies, Volume: 14, p.27-36.
  • George, Richard (2002), Marketing South African Tourism and Hospitality, Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
  • George, Richard (2003), “Tourists' Perceptions of Safety and Security while Visiting Cape Town”, Tourism Management, Volume: 24, Issue: 5, p.575-585.
  • George, Richard (2010), “Visit or Perceptions of Crime-Safety and Attitudes towards Risk: The Case of Table Mounta in National Park, Cape Town”, Tourism Management, Volume: 31, p.806-815.
  • Glensor, Ronald W. and Kenneth J. Peak (2004), Crime Against Tourists, US Department of Justice, Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Problem-Specific Guides Series, No: 26.
  • Grinols, Earl L., David B. Mustard and Melissa Staha (2011), “How do visitors affect crime?”, Journal of Quantitativ e Criminology, Volume: 27, Issue: 3, p.363-378.
  • Gugulethu, S. Nkosi (2010), “The Impact of Crime on Tourism in the City of UMhlathuze, KwaZulu-Natal, South Asian”, Journal of Tourism and Heritage, South Africa, Volume: 3, Issue: 2, p.76-81.
  • Harriott, Antony (2007), “Risk Perception and Fear of Criminal Victimization among Visitors to Jamaica: Bringing Perception in Line with Leality”, Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, Volume: 5, Issue: 2-3, p.93-108.
  • Harrison, David (1994), “Tourism and Prostitution: Sleeping with the enemy?”, Tourism Management, Volume: 15, Issue: 6, p.435-443.
  • Holcomb, Judy and Abraham Pizam (2006), “Do Incidents of Theft at Tourist Destinations Have a Negative Effect on Tourists Decisions to Travel to Affected Destinations”, Tourism Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice İçinde Yoel Mansfeld & Abraham Pizam (Eds.), (p.105-124), New York: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Im, Kyung So, M. Hashem Pesaran and Yongcheol Shin (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, Volume: 115, p.53-74.
  • Jarrell, Stephen and Roy M. Howsen (1990), “Transient Crowding and Crime: The More “Strangers” in an Area, the More Crime Except for Murder, Assault and Rape”, American Journal Economics Sociology, Volume: 49, Issue: 4, p.483-494.
  • Jud, Donald G. (1975), “Tourism and Crime in Mexico”, Social Sciences Quarterly, Volume: 56, Issue: 2, p.324-330.
  • Kelly, Ian (1993), “Tourist Destination Crime Rates: An Examination of Cairns and the Gold Coast”, Journal of Tourism Studies, Volume: 4, p.2-11.
  • Kleck, Gary and Ted Chiricos (2002), “Unemployment and Property Crime: A Target Specific Assessment of Opportunity and Motivation as Mediating Factors”, Criminology
  • Kozak, Metin (2007), Tourist Harassment, Annals of Tourism Research, Volume: 34, p.384- 399.
  • Levantis, Theodore and Azmat Gani (2000), “Tourism Demand and the Nuisance of Crime”, International Journal of Social Economics, Volume: 27, Issue: 7/8/9/10, p.959-967.
  • Levin, Andrew, Chien-Fu Lin and Chia-Shong James Chu (2002), Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite-Sample Properties, Journal of Econometrics, Volume: 108, p.1-24.
  • Lorde, Troy and Mahalia Jackman (2013), “Evaluating the Impact of Crime on Tourism in Barbados: A Transfer Function Approach”, Tourism Analysis, Volume: 18, p.183-191.
  • Mathieson, Alister and Geoffrey Wall (1982), Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. Singapore: Longman.
  • McCartney, Glenn (2014), “Get out of Jail Locked up and Detained abroad-When Tourists Become Prisoners”, Current Issues in Tourism, Volume: 17, Issue: 7, p.561-575.
  • McElroy, Jerome L. (2001), Tourist Harassment: Review and Survey Results, The Second Caribbean Conference on Crime and Criminal Justice. Kingston: University of West Indies.
  • McPheters, Lee R. & William B. Stronge (1974), “Crime as an Environmental Externality of Tourism: Miami, Florida”, Land Economics, Volume: 50, Issue: 3, p.288-292.
  • Mehmood, Shafagat, Zahid Ahmad and Ather Azim Khan (2016), “Dynamic Relationships between Tourist Arrivals, Immigrants, and Crimes in the United States”, Tourism Management, Volume: 54, p.383-392.
  • Michalko, Gabor (2004), “Tourism Eclipsed by Crime: The Vulnerability of Foreign Tourists in Hungary”, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, Volume: 15, Issue: 2-3, p.159- 172.
  • Miller, William J. & Martin D. Schwartz, (1998), “Casino Gambling and Street Crime”. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume: 556, Issue: 1, p.124-137.
  • Monterrubio, Juan Carlos (2013), “Destination Image and Crime in Mexico: An Analysis of Foreign Government Travel Advice”, Special Issue, Volume: 11, Issue: 3, p.33-45.
  • Moyo, Busani and Emmanuel Ziramba (2013), “The Impact of Crime on Inbound Tourism to South Africa”, African Security Review, Volume: 22, Issue: 1, p.4-18.
  • Muehsam, Mitchell J. (1995). “Involving the Police in Tourism”, Tourism Management, Volume: 16, Issue: 1, p.9-14.
  • Nicholls, Leland L. (1976), “Crime Detection and Law Stabilization in Tourist-Recreation Regions: A Conference Report”, Journal of Travel Research, Volume: 15, p.18-20.
  • Ochrym, Ronald George (1990), “Street Crime, Tourism and Casinos: An Empirical Comparison”, Journal of Gambling Studies, Volume: 6, p.127-138.
  • Park, Minkyung and Patricia A. Stokowski (2009), “Social Disruption Theory and Crime in Rural Communities: Comparisons Across Three Levels of Tourism Growth”, Tourism Management, Volume: 30, p.905-915.
  • Page, Stephen. J. and C. Michael Hall (2002), Managing Urban Tourism, London: Pearson Education.
  • Pizam, Abraham (1982), “Tourism and Crime: Is There a Relationship?”, Journal of Travel Research, Volume: 20, p.7-10.
  • Pizam, Abraham and Aliza Fleischer (2002), “Severity versus Frequency of Acts of Terrorism: Which has a Larger Impact on Tourism Demand”, Journal of Travel Research
  • Pizam, Abraham and Yoel Mansfeld (2006), “Toward a Theory of Tourism Security”, Tourism Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice içinde, (Eds.) Yoel Mansfeld & Abraham Pizam (p. 1-28). New York: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Pizam, Abraham and Telisman-Kosuta, N. (1989). Tourism as a Factor of Change: Results and Analysis, Tourism as a Factor of Change: A Socio-Cultural Study içinde, (Ed.) Julian Bytstrzanowski (p.149-156), Volume 1, International Social Science Council European Coordination Centre for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences, Vienna.
  • Poon, Auliana (1993), Tourism, Technology and Competitive Strategies, Biddles, Guildford.
  • Prideaux, Bruce. (1994), “Mass Ttourism and Crime: is there a Connection? A Study of Crime in Major Queensland Tourism Destinations”, Proceedings of the Tourism Research and Education Conference, p.251-260. Bureau of Tourism Research, Gold Coast, QLD.
  • Prideaux, Bruce (1996), “The Tourism Crime Cycle: A Beach Destination Case Study”, Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues içinde, (Eds.) Abraham Pizam and Yoel Mansfeld, Chichester: Wiley.
  • Prideaux, Bruce and Dunn, A. (1995), “Tourism and Crime: How can the Tourism Industry Respond?”, Australian Journal for Hospitality Management, Volume: 2, p.7-16.
  • Richter, Linda K. and William L. Waugh, (1986), “Terrorism and Ttourism as Logical Companions”, Tourism Management, Volume: 14, p.230-238.
  • Ryan, Chris. (1993), “Crime, Violence, Terrorism and Tourism. An Accidental or Intrinsic Relationship?”, Tourism Management, Volume: 14, Issue: 3, p.173-183.
  • Ryan, Chris and Kinder, R. (1996). “The Deviant Tourist and the Crimonogenic Place: The Case of the Tourist and the New Zealand Prostitute”. Tourism, Crime and International Security İssues içinde, (Eds.) Abraham Pizam and Yoel Mansfeld (p. 23-35), Chichester: Wiley.
  • Selby, M., Selby, H. and David Botterill (2010). “Tourism, Image and fear of crime”, Tourism And Crime: Key Themes içinde (Eds.) David Botterill and Trevor Jones (p.187-214). Oxford: Goodfellow.
  • Schiebler, Susan A., John C. Crotts, and Richard Hollings (1996), “Florida Tourists' Vulnerability to Crime”. Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues içinde, (Eds.) Abraham. Pizam and Yoel Mansfeld (p.37-49), New York: Wiley.
  • Schubert, Stefan F. (2009), “Coping with Externalities in Tourism - A Dynamic Optimal Taxation Approach”. Competence Centre in Tourism Management and Tourism Economics (TOMTE), Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano.
  • UNWTO (2016), Tourism Highlights, 2016 Editions, pp.1-16, http://www.e- unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284418145, (Erişim Tarihi:22.06.2017).
  • Van Tran, Xuan and F. Stephen Bridges (2009), “Tourism and Crime in European Nations”, e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), Volume: 7, Issue: 3, p.52-67.
  • Yamak, Nebiye ve Ferhat Topbaş (2005), “Suç ve İşsizlik Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi” 14. İstatistik Araştırma Sempozyumu Bildirileri, 5–6 Mayıs, Ankara.
  • Wall, Geofferey (1996), “Terrorism and Tourism: An Overview and an Irish Example”. Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues içinde, (Eds.) Abraham Pizam and Yoel Mansfeld, Chichester: Wiley.
  • Wallace, Wendell C. (2009), “Tourism and Crime in a Small Island Tourist Destination: The Case of Tobago”, Caribbean Journal of Criminology and Public Safety, Volume: 14, p.186-213.
  • Walmsley, D. James, Rudiger M. Boskovic and John Pigram (1983), “Tourism and Crime: An Australian Perspective”, Journal of Leisure Research, Volume: 15, Issue: 2, p.136-155.
Toplam 90 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Sabriye Çelik Uğuz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Eylül 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Çelik Uğuz, S. (2017). Turizm ve Suç Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(3), 383-397.
AMA Çelik Uğuz S. Turizm ve Suç Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi. UEAD. Eylül 2017;3(3):383-397.
Chicago Çelik Uğuz, Sabriye. “Turizm Ve Suç Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi”. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 3, sy. 3 (Eylül 2017): 383-97.
EndNote Çelik Uğuz S (01 Eylül 2017) Turizm ve Suç Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 3 3 383–397.
IEEE S. Çelik Uğuz, “Turizm ve Suç Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi”, UEAD, c. 3, sy. 3, ss. 383–397, 2017.
ISNAD Çelik Uğuz, Sabriye. “Turizm Ve Suç Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi”. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi 3/3 (Eylül 2017), 383-397.
JAMA Çelik Uğuz S. Turizm ve Suç Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi. UEAD. 2017;3:383–397.
MLA Çelik Uğuz, Sabriye. “Turizm Ve Suç Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi”. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 3, 2017, ss. 383-97.
Vancouver Çelik Uğuz S. Turizm ve Suç Arasındaki Nedensellik İlişkisi. UEAD. 2017;3(3):383-97.