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THE ONGOING IRANIAN SECURITIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES AFTER THE NUCLEAR DEAL: AN ACTOR AND CONTEXT-BASED ANALYSIS

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 715 - 737, 05.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.538661

Öz

Based on the Copenhagen School’s approach to the securitization theory, this paper examines the Iranian promotion of the United States (US) as a security threat in political, military, economic, and societal sectors despite the nuclear deal concluded in 2015. Analyzing the speeches of the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khamenei, as the highest authority in Iran, and the historical context that constitutes the structure of the Iranian-American enmity, the paper shows how Iran has engaged in legitimizing its ongoing securitization discourse vis-à-vis the United States. Within the framework of the socially created discursive historical context in which Iran portrays itself and the US identity, Iran has historically accused the United States for interfering into its domestic affairs for a possible regime change in the country. Emphasizing the embeddedness of such discourses within historical conditions, the paper highlights that Iran exploits the historical context to justify and promote its securitization against the United States.

Kaynakça

  • Adib-Moghaddam, A. (2009). Discourse and violence: The friend-enemy conjunction in contemporary Iranian-American relations. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 2(3), 512-526.
  • Adib-Moghaddam, A. (2007). Manufacturing War: Iran in the neo-conservative imagination. Third World Quarterly, 28(3), 635-653.
  • Bali, A.Ü. (2008). At the nuclear precipice: Iran. R. Falk and D. Krieger (Eds.), In At the Nuclear Precipice: Catastrophe or Transformation? (pp.97-161). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Buonomo, T. (2018). Iran’s supreme leader: an analysis of his hostility toward the U.S. and Israel. Middle East Policy, 25(1), 33-45.
  • Balzacq, T. (2005). The three faces of securitization: Political agency, audience and context. European Journal of International Relations, 11(2), 171-201.
  • Balzacq, T. (2011). Securitization theory: How security problems emerge and dissolve. New York: Routledge.
  • Beeman, O.W. (2005). The “great satan” vs. the “mad mullahs”: How the United States and Iran demonize each other. Connecticut: Praeger.
  • Buzan, B., Waever, O. & Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis (eds.), Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
  • Buzan, B. & Waever, O. (2003) Regions and powers. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clawson, P. & Rubin, M. (2005). Eternal Iran: Continuity and chaos. New York:Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Duncombe, C. (2015). Representation, recognition and respect: Foreign policy and the Iran-US relationship. European Journal of International Relations, 22(3), 622-645.
  • Ferrero, C. (2013). The Iran narrative: The ideational context of US foreign policy decision- making toward the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iran and the Caucasus, 17, 41-76.
  • Ganji, A. (2013). Who is Ali Khamanei?. Foreign Affairs, 92(5),24-48.
  • Khamanei, A. (26 June 2013) “Supreme Leader’s Speech to Judiciary Officials” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/1806/Leader-s-Speech-to-Judiciary-Officials, (Access date: 08.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (3 November 2013) “Supreme Leader Meets with Students on National Day of Fighting against Global Arrogance” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/1837/Leader- Meets-with-Students-on-National-Day-of-Fighting-Against, (Access date: 05.01.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (27 November 2014) “Enemies’ main problem is Iran’s progress” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2217/Enemies-main-problem-is-Iran-s-progress, (Access date: 05.01.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (8 February 2015) “Supreme Leader’s Speech in Meeting with Air Force Commanders and Personnel” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2008/Leader-s-Speech- in-Meeting-with-Air-Force-Commanders-and-Personnel, (Access date: 15.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (23 March 2015) “Leader’s Speech at Imam Reza’s Holy Shrine” file:///C:/Users/32455768594/Desktop/speech_12975_[Leader.ir].pdf, (Access date: 15.02.2017).
  • Khamanei, A. (9 April 2015). “Leader’s Speech in Meeting with Panegyrists” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2045/Leader-s-Speech-in-Meeting-with-Panegyrists, (Access date: 15.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (19 April 2015) “Leader’s Speech in Meeting with Army Commanders and Personnel” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2047/Leader-s-Speech-in-Meeting-with- Army-Commanders-and-Personnel, (Access date: 15.02.2017).
  • Khamanei, A. (20 May 2015) “Leader’s Remarks at Imam Hussein (PBUH) Military Academy” http://www.leader.ir/langs/en/index.php?p=bayanat&id=13231, (Access date: 15.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (18 July 2015) “The Leader’s Sermons in the Eid al-Fitr Prayers” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2102/Leader-s-sermons-at-Eid-ul-Fitr-prayers, (Access date: 16.02.2017).
  • Khamanei, A. (17 August 2015) “The Leader’s Remarks in Meeting with the Participants in the 6th General Assembly of the Ahlul-Bayt World Assembly and the 8th summit of the General Assembly of the Islamic Radio and Television Union (IRTVU)” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2109/Leader-s-speech-to-members-of-Ahlul-Bayt-World-Assembly-and-Islamic, (Access date: 16.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (5 June 2016) “U.S. administration behaves towards us in a completely hostile manner” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/3902/U-S-administration-behaves-towards-us-in-a-completely-hostile, (Access date: 18.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (14 June 2016) “If the U.S. tears up the JCPOA, we will set it on fire” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/3939/If-the-U-S-tears-up-the-JCPOA-we-will-set-it-on-fire-Ayatollah, (Access date: 18.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (2 July 2016) “Ayatollah Khamenei: Advocating Tendency towards the West is Not Reasonable and Contrary to Lessons of Our History” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/4014/Ayatollah-Khamenei-Advocating-Tendency-Towards-the-West-is-Not, (Access date: 18.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (26 September 2016) “The Enemy Wants to Make the People Indifferent Towards Ideals” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/4206/The-Enemy-Wants-to-Make-the-People-Indifferent-Towards-Ideals, (Access date: 18.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (2 November 2016) “The two U.S. presidential candidates expose the true nature of the U.S.” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/4306/The-two-U-S-presidential-candidates-expose-the-true-nature-of, (Access date: 18.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (15 February 2017) “The Real War with the Enemy Is Economic and Cultural War, Not Military War” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/4653/The-Real-War-with-the-Enemy-Is-Economic-and-Cultural-War-Not, (Access date: 05.01.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (6 March 2017) “Cultural Attacks By the Enemy Are More Dangerous than Military” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/4695/Cultural-Attacks-By-the-Enemy-Are-More-Dangerous-than-Military, (Access date: 05.01.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (10 May 2017) “The enemy wants to take away Iran’s deterrent power” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/4807/The-enemy-wants-to-take-away-Iran-s-deterrent-power-Ayatollah, (Access date: 05.01.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (17 September 2017) “Regarding JCPOA: every wrong move by the ‘Dominating Cabal’ will be served with IR’s response!” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5133/Regarding-JCPOA-every-wrong-move-by-the-Dominating-Cabal-will, (Access date: 06.01.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (21 September 2017) “Angry at Iran’s Victories and Their Own Defeats is the Reason for America’s Enmity with Iran” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5142/Angry-at-Iran-s-Victories-and-Their-Own-Defeats-is-the-Reason, (Access date: 06.01.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (18 October 2017) “US, Europe, gave Saddam WMD, have no right meddle in our missile program” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5222/US-Europe-gave-Saddam-WMD-have-no-right-meddle-in-our-missile, (Access date: 06.01.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (2 November 2017) “Viewing US as an enemy is not prejudice, but derives from experience” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5258/Viewing-US-as-an-enemy-is-not-prejudice-but-derives-from-experience, (Access date: 06.01.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (27 December 2017) “We must develop our economy from inside to combat sanctions” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5370/We-must-develop-our-economy-from-inside-to-combat-sanctions, (Access date: 06.01.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (10 January 2018) “The Leader’s remarks in meeting with the people of Qom”. http://www.leader.ir/en/speech/20294/Meeting-with-the-people-of-Qom, (Access date: 17.05.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (17 January 2018) “The Leader’s remarks in meeting with participants in the 13th conference of the Parliamentary Union of the OIC member states” http://www.leader.ir/en/speech/20335/The-Leader's-meeting-with-participants-in-the-Parliamentary-Union-of-the-Organization-of-Islamic-Cooperation-Member-States-(PUIC)-conference, (Access date: 17.05.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (9 February 2018) “The Leader’s remarks in meeting with commanders and personnel of the Iranian Air Force” http://www.leader.ir/en/speech/20509/Meeting-with-commanders-and-personal-of-the-Air-Force, (Access date: 17.05.2018).
  • Khamanei, A. (11 March 2018) “The Leader’s remarks in meeting with students taking part in Rahiyan-e Noor convoys” http://www.leader.ir/en/speech/20754/Ayatollah-Kamenei's-meeting-with-students-on-Rahian-e-Noor-convoys, (Access date: 28.05.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (22 March 2018) “The Leader’s remarks in an address to pilgrims at Imam Reza (PBUH)’s holy shrine” http://www.leader.ir/en/speech/20846/The-Leader's-speech-in-Mashhad-on-the-first-day-of-the-New-Year, (Access date: 28.05.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (14 April 2018) “U.S. President, President of France and British Prime Minister are war criminals” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5602/U-S-President-President-of-France-and-British-Prime-Minister, (Access date: 04.06.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (9 May 2018) “President turn to dust, Islamic Republic of Iran will still be standing” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5671/When-the-bones-of-US-President-turn-to-dust-Islamic-Republic When the bones of US, (Access date: 04.06.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (23 May 2018) “Imam Khamenei sets 7 conditions for Europe to prevent breaching of their commitments” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5699/Imam-Khamenei-sets-7-conditions-for-Europe-to-prevent-breaching, (Access date: 04.06.2018).
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İRAN’IN NÜKLEER ANLAŞMA SONRASI AMERIKA BIRLEŞIK DEVLETLERINI GÜVENLİKLEŞTİRMEYE DEVAM ETMESİ: AKTÖR VE BAĞLAM-MERKEZLİ ANALİZ

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 715 - 737, 05.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.538661

Öz

Bu çalışma, güvenlikleştirme teorisinin Kopenhag Okulu yaklaşımı çerçevesinde, 2015’te imzalanan nükleer anlaşmaya rağmen İran’ın Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ni (ABD) siyasi, askeri, ekonomik ve toplumsal sektörlerde güvenlik tehdidi olarak tanımlamaya devam etmesini incelemektedir. İran’daki en yüksek siyasi otoriteyi temsil eden Ruhani Lider Ayatollah Hamaney’in konuşmaları ve İran-Amerikan düşmanlığının yapısını oluşturan tarihsel bağlam analiz edilerek İran’ın ABD’ye karşı devam eden güvenlikleştirme söylemini nasıl meşrulaştırmaya çalıştığı gösterilmiştir. Hem kendisinin hem de ABD’nin kimliğini tanımladığı söylemsel tarihsel yapı çerçevesinde İran, ABD’yi tarihsel olarak İran’da rejim değiştirmek amacıyla ülkenin iç işlerine karışmakla suçlamıştır. Bu tür söylemlerin tarihsel koşullardan kaynaklandığını vurgulayan makalede, İran’ın ABD’ye karşı yürüttüğü güvenlikleştirme sürecini meşrulaştırmak için tarihsel bağlamdan yararlandığı ileri sürülmüştür.

Kaynakça

  • Adib-Moghaddam, A. (2009). Discourse and violence: The friend-enemy conjunction in contemporary Iranian-American relations. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 2(3), 512-526.
  • Adib-Moghaddam, A. (2007). Manufacturing War: Iran in the neo-conservative imagination. Third World Quarterly, 28(3), 635-653.
  • Bali, A.Ü. (2008). At the nuclear precipice: Iran. R. Falk and D. Krieger (Eds.), In At the Nuclear Precipice: Catastrophe or Transformation? (pp.97-161). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Buonomo, T. (2018). Iran’s supreme leader: an analysis of his hostility toward the U.S. and Israel. Middle East Policy, 25(1), 33-45.
  • Balzacq, T. (2005). The three faces of securitization: Political agency, audience and context. European Journal of International Relations, 11(2), 171-201.
  • Balzacq, T. (2011). Securitization theory: How security problems emerge and dissolve. New York: Routledge.
  • Beeman, O.W. (2005). The “great satan” vs. the “mad mullahs”: How the United States and Iran demonize each other. Connecticut: Praeger.
  • Buzan, B., Waever, O. & Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A new framework for analysis (eds.), Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
  • Buzan, B. & Waever, O. (2003) Regions and powers. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Clawson, P. & Rubin, M. (2005). Eternal Iran: Continuity and chaos. New York:Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Duncombe, C. (2015). Representation, recognition and respect: Foreign policy and the Iran-US relationship. European Journal of International Relations, 22(3), 622-645.
  • Ferrero, C. (2013). The Iran narrative: The ideational context of US foreign policy decision- making toward the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iran and the Caucasus, 17, 41-76.
  • Ganji, A. (2013). Who is Ali Khamanei?. Foreign Affairs, 92(5),24-48.
  • Khamanei, A. (26 June 2013) “Supreme Leader’s Speech to Judiciary Officials” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/1806/Leader-s-Speech-to-Judiciary-Officials, (Access date: 08.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (3 November 2013) “Supreme Leader Meets with Students on National Day of Fighting against Global Arrogance” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/1837/Leader- Meets-with-Students-on-National-Day-of-Fighting-Against, (Access date: 05.01.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (27 November 2014) “Enemies’ main problem is Iran’s progress” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2217/Enemies-main-problem-is-Iran-s-progress, (Access date: 05.01.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (8 February 2015) “Supreme Leader’s Speech in Meeting with Air Force Commanders and Personnel” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2008/Leader-s-Speech- in-Meeting-with-Air-Force-Commanders-and-Personnel, (Access date: 15.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (23 March 2015) “Leader’s Speech at Imam Reza’s Holy Shrine” file:///C:/Users/32455768594/Desktop/speech_12975_[Leader.ir].pdf, (Access date: 15.02.2017).
  • Khamanei, A. (9 April 2015). “Leader’s Speech in Meeting with Panegyrists” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2045/Leader-s-Speech-in-Meeting-with-Panegyrists, (Access date: 15.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (19 April 2015) “Leader’s Speech in Meeting with Army Commanders and Personnel” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2047/Leader-s-Speech-in-Meeting-with- Army-Commanders-and-Personnel, (Access date: 15.02.2017).
  • Khamanei, A. (20 May 2015) “Leader’s Remarks at Imam Hussein (PBUH) Military Academy” http://www.leader.ir/langs/en/index.php?p=bayanat&id=13231, (Access date: 15.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (18 July 2015) “The Leader’s Sermons in the Eid al-Fitr Prayers” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2102/Leader-s-sermons-at-Eid-ul-Fitr-prayers, (Access date: 16.02.2017).
  • Khamanei, A. (17 August 2015) “The Leader’s Remarks in Meeting with the Participants in the 6th General Assembly of the Ahlul-Bayt World Assembly and the 8th summit of the General Assembly of the Islamic Radio and Television Union (IRTVU)” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2109/Leader-s-speech-to-members-of-Ahlul-Bayt-World-Assembly-and-Islamic, (Access date: 16.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (5 June 2016) “U.S. administration behaves towards us in a completely hostile manner” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/3902/U-S-administration-behaves-towards-us-in-a-completely-hostile, (Access date: 18.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (14 June 2016) “If the U.S. tears up the JCPOA, we will set it on fire” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/3939/If-the-U-S-tears-up-the-JCPOA-we-will-set-it-on-fire-Ayatollah, (Access date: 18.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (2 July 2016) “Ayatollah Khamenei: Advocating Tendency towards the West is Not Reasonable and Contrary to Lessons of Our History” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/4014/Ayatollah-Khamenei-Advocating-Tendency-Towards-the-West-is-Not, (Access date: 18.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (26 September 2016) “The Enemy Wants to Make the People Indifferent Towards Ideals” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/4206/The-Enemy-Wants-to-Make-the-People-Indifferent-Towards-Ideals, (Access date: 18.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (2 November 2016) “The two U.S. presidential candidates expose the true nature of the U.S.” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/4306/The-two-U-S-presidential-candidates-expose-the-true-nature-of, (Access date: 18.02.2017).
  • Khamenei, A. (15 February 2017) “The Real War with the Enemy Is Economic and Cultural War, Not Military War” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/4653/The-Real-War-with-the-Enemy-Is-Economic-and-Cultural-War-Not, (Access date: 05.01.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (6 March 2017) “Cultural Attacks By the Enemy Are More Dangerous than Military” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/4695/Cultural-Attacks-By-the-Enemy-Are-More-Dangerous-than-Military, (Access date: 05.01.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (10 May 2017) “The enemy wants to take away Iran’s deterrent power” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/4807/The-enemy-wants-to-take-away-Iran-s-deterrent-power-Ayatollah, (Access date: 05.01.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (17 September 2017) “Regarding JCPOA: every wrong move by the ‘Dominating Cabal’ will be served with IR’s response!” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5133/Regarding-JCPOA-every-wrong-move-by-the-Dominating-Cabal-will, (Access date: 06.01.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (21 September 2017) “Angry at Iran’s Victories and Their Own Defeats is the Reason for America’s Enmity with Iran” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5142/Angry-at-Iran-s-Victories-and-Their-Own-Defeats-is-the-Reason, (Access date: 06.01.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (18 October 2017) “US, Europe, gave Saddam WMD, have no right meddle in our missile program” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5222/US-Europe-gave-Saddam-WMD-have-no-right-meddle-in-our-missile, (Access date: 06.01.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (2 November 2017) “Viewing US as an enemy is not prejudice, but derives from experience” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5258/Viewing-US-as-an-enemy-is-not-prejudice-but-derives-from-experience, (Access date: 06.01.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (27 December 2017) “We must develop our economy from inside to combat sanctions” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5370/We-must-develop-our-economy-from-inside-to-combat-sanctions, (Access date: 06.01.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (10 January 2018) “The Leader’s remarks in meeting with the people of Qom”. http://www.leader.ir/en/speech/20294/Meeting-with-the-people-of-Qom, (Access date: 17.05.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (17 January 2018) “The Leader’s remarks in meeting with participants in the 13th conference of the Parliamentary Union of the OIC member states” http://www.leader.ir/en/speech/20335/The-Leader's-meeting-with-participants-in-the-Parliamentary-Union-of-the-Organization-of-Islamic-Cooperation-Member-States-(PUIC)-conference, (Access date: 17.05.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (9 February 2018) “The Leader’s remarks in meeting with commanders and personnel of the Iranian Air Force” http://www.leader.ir/en/speech/20509/Meeting-with-commanders-and-personal-of-the-Air-Force, (Access date: 17.05.2018).
  • Khamanei, A. (11 March 2018) “The Leader’s remarks in meeting with students taking part in Rahiyan-e Noor convoys” http://www.leader.ir/en/speech/20754/Ayatollah-Kamenei's-meeting-with-students-on-Rahian-e-Noor-convoys, (Access date: 28.05.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (22 March 2018) “The Leader’s remarks in an address to pilgrims at Imam Reza (PBUH)’s holy shrine” http://www.leader.ir/en/speech/20846/The-Leader's-speech-in-Mashhad-on-the-first-day-of-the-New-Year, (Access date: 28.05.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (14 April 2018) “U.S. President, President of France and British Prime Minister are war criminals” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5602/U-S-President-President-of-France-and-British-Prime-Minister, (Access date: 04.06.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (9 May 2018) “President turn to dust, Islamic Republic of Iran will still be standing” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5671/When-the-bones-of-US-President-turn-to-dust-Islamic-Republic When the bones of US, (Access date: 04.06.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (23 May 2018) “Imam Khamenei sets 7 conditions for Europe to prevent breaching of their commitments” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5699/Imam-Khamenei-sets-7-conditions-for-Europe-to-prevent-breaching, (Access date: 04.06.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (24 May 2018) “The Leader’s remarks in meeting with Iranian officials on the 7th day of Ramadan” http://www.leader.ir/en/speech/21133/The-leader's-meeting-with-officials,-outlining-Iran's-conditions-over-remaining-in-JCPOA, (Access date: 11.06.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (30 June 2018) “Enemies’ plan to create a rift between Islamic Republic and nation stems from ignorance” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5785/Enemies-plan-to-create-a-rift-between-Islamic-Republic-and-nation, (Access date: 09.07.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (22 July 2018) “The Leader in a meeting with ambassadors, Foreign Ministry officials” http://www.leader.ir/en/content/21709/The-Leader's-meeting-with-ambassadors,-Foreign-Ministry-official, (Access date: 28.07.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (23 August 2018) “Iran won’t negotiate with the U.S. for 5 reasons” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5873/Iran-won-t-negotiate-with-the-U-S-for-5-reasons-Imam-Khamenei, (Access date: 26.08.2018).
  • Khamenei, A. (6 September 2018) “CIA and Mossad, with reactionary states’ money have waged a propaganda war on Iran” http://english.khamenei.ir/news/5925/CIA-and-Mossad-with-reactionary-states-money-have-waged-a-propaganda, (Access date: 10.09.2018).
  • Kinzer, S. (2003). All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of the Middle Eastern Terror. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • McDonald, M. (2008). Securitization and the Construction of Security. European Journal of International Relations, 14, 563-587.
  • Mohseni-Cheraghlou, E. (2015). When Coercion Backfıres: The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy in Iran. (Unpublished PhD Dissertation), University of Maryland.
  • Parliamentary Records (18 November 2014). 113rd Congress, 2.Session, “The Iran Nuclear Deal”, House vo1.l60, no.141, H8039.
  • Parliamentary Records (29 April 2015). 114th Congress, 1st Session, “Iran is the World Threat to Peace”, Extensions of Remarks, vol. 161. no.63. E615
  • Parliamentary Records (7 May 2015). 114th Congress, 1st Session, “Negotiations with Iran” Senate vo1.l61, no.69, S2727.
  • Parliamentary Records (22 July 2015). 114th Congress, 1st Session, “Nuclear Agreement with Iran”, vol.161, no.115, S5433.
  • Parliamentary Records (12 October 2017). 115th Congress, 1st Session, “The Iran Nuclear Deal Was a Giant Mistake”, House vol.163, no.164, H7985.
  • Parsi, T. (2007). Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States. New York: Yale University Press.
  • Pollack, K. M. (2005). The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict between Iran and America. New York: The Random House.
  • Shoaib, M. (2016). US-Iran Nuclear Standoff: A Constructivist Approach. Journal of Strategic Affairs, 1(1) https://ssii.com.pk/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/5-Shoaib.pdf, (Access date: 21.09.2017).
  • Wæver, O. (1995). Securitization and Desecuritization. R. Lipschutz (Ed.), in On Security (pp.46-86). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Wæver, O. (2003). Securitization: Taking Stock of a Research Programme in Security Studies, Unpublished Conference Paper, Chicago.
  • The White House (18 December 2017). National Security Strategy of the United States. Washington, DC.
  • The Telegraph (17 January 2016). Hassan Rouhani: Nuclear deal ‘golden page’ in Iran’s history. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/12103971 /Hassan-Rouhani-nuclear-deal-golden-page-of-history.html
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sevgi Balkan-şahin 0000-0001-7227-4359

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Mart 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Balkan-şahin, S. (2020). THE ONGOING IRANIAN SECURITIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES AFTER THE NUCLEAR DEAL: AN ACTOR AND CONTEXT-BASED ANALYSIS. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(2), 715-737. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.538661