SAVAŞ VE TRAJEDİ: PS. JOSHUA THE STYLITE VE PS. ZACHARIAH RHETOR’A GÖRE AMİDA KUŞATMASI (MS. 502) VE SONRASI
Öz
Ps. Joshua the Stylite (Tr. Çileci Yeşua) ve Ps. Zachariah Rhetor’un (Tr. Hatip Zekeriya) kronikleri, Roma-Sasani mücadelesinin önemli birer kaynakları olarak sınır bölgesinde ikâme halkın gündelik yaşamları hakkında da oldukça detaylı bilgiler sunmaktadırlar. Dönemin diğer tarihçilerinin aksine bu iki yazar, Roma-Sasani mücadelelerinde bir kuşatmanın nasıl cereyan ettiğine ve kuşatma esnasında surların arkasındaki insanların psikolojilerine ve neler yaşandığına dair de oldukça geniş malumatlar vermişlerdir. Amidalıların üç aylık kuşatma boyunca direnişleri ve şehrin Sasaniler tarafından ele geçirilmesi akabinde ortaya çıkan açlık ve benzeri felaketler bu iki yazar tarafından kaleme alınmıştır. Bu çalışma, 502 Amida kuşatması hakkında bilgiler veren söz konusu iki yazarın eserlerini analiz ederek, geç antik çağda bölgede kuşatma altındaki insanların gündelik yaşamı üzerine bir yorum olacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ps. Joshua the Stylite Ps. Zachariah Rhetor Amida Roma-Sasani Savaşları Yukarı Dicle
Kaynakça
- Primary Sources
- Ammianus Marcellinus, History, tr. J. C. Rolfe, Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press 1935-1939.
- Chronicon Paschale, Chronicon Paschale 284-628, tr. Michael and Mary Whitby, Liverpool 1989.
- Evagrius, The Ecclesiastical history of Evagrius Scholasticus, tr. M. Whitby, Liverpool 2000.
- Malalas, The Chronicle of John Malalas, tr. E. Jeffreys, M. Jeffreys and R. Scott, Melbourne 1986.
- Notitia Dignitatum, ed. O. Seeck, Berlin 1876.
- Pseudo-Dionysius of Tel-Mahre, Chronicle Part III, ed. W. Witakowski, Liverpool 1996.
- Ps. Joshua the Stylite, The Chronicle of Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite, ed. and tr. F. Trombley and J. Watt, Liverpool 2000.
- Ps. Zachariah, The Chronicle of Pseudo-Zachariah Rhetor, ed. G. Greatrex, tr. R. R. Phenix and C. B. Horn, Liverpool 2011.
- Procopius, Buildings, ed. and tr. H. B. Dewings, Cambridge 1940.
- Procopius, Wars, ed. and tr. H. B. Dewings, Cambridge 1914.
- Theophanes, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, tr. C. Mango and R. Scott, Oxford 1997.
- Zosimus, New History (History Nova), tr. Ronald T. Ridley, Sydney 1982.
- Modern Studies
- Blockley, R. C. (1988), Ammianus Marcellinus on the Persian Invasion of A.D. 359, Phoenix, vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 224-260.
- Blockley, R. C. (1984), The Romano-Persian Treaties of A.D. 299-363, Florilegium 6, pp. 28-49.
- Blockley, R. C. (1992), East Roman Foreign Policy, Leeds.
- Comfort, A. (2008), Roads on the frontier between Rome and Persia, Exeter.
- Daryaee, T. (2009), Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire, London.
- Dignas, B. and Winter, E. (2007), Rome and Persia in Late Antquity, Cambridge.
- Dodgeon, M. and Lieu, S. N. C. (2002), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363, London.
- Frye, R. N. (1983), The Political History of Iran under the Sasanians, CHI, pp. 116-180.
- Gabriel, A. (1940), Voyages archeologiques dans la Turquie orientale, Paris.
- Greatrex, G. (1998) Rome and Persia at War: 502-532, Leeds.
- Greatrex, G. and Watt, J. W. (1999), One, two or three feasts? The Byrtae, The Maiuma and the May festival at Edessa, Oriens Christianus, pp. 1-21.
- Greatrex, G. and Lieu, S. N. C. (2002), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars. Part II AD 363-630, London.
- Greatrex, G. (2010), Procopius and Pseudo-Zachariah on the siege of Amida and its aftermath (502-506), «Commutatio et contentio: Studies in the Late Roman, Sasanian, and Early Islamic Near East», ed. H. Börm and J. Wiesehöfer, pp. 227-252.
- Haarer, F. (2006), Anastasius I: Politics and Empire in the Late Roman World, Francis Cairns.
- Jones, A. H. M. (1964), The Later Roman Empire 284-602: a Social, Economic and Administrative Survey, Oxford.
- Kettenhoffen, E. Deportations, EIr, 7, pp. 297-308.
- Konuk, S. (2017), Roma Sasani Mücadelesinde Yukarı Dicle Havzası (MS. 298-591), (unpublished PhD Thesis) Muğla.
- Konuk, S. (2017), Geç Antikçağda Amida’nın Ortaya Çıkış Süreci ve Roma-Sasani Mücadelesindeki Rolüne Dair Bir Değerlendirme, Uluslararası Diyarbakır Sempozyumu Bildirileri, pp. 155-162.
- Lee, A. D. (2007) War in Late Antiquity, Wiley-Blackwell.
- Lenski, N. (2007) Two sieges of Amida (AD 359 and 502-502) and the Experience of Combat in the Late Roman Near East, The Late Roman Army in the Near East from Diocletian to the Arab Conquest, ed. A. Lewin, P. Pellegrini, BAR International Series 1717, pp. 219-237.
- Lightfoot, C. (1989), Sapor before the walls of Amida, in «The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire» (BAR International series 553), ed. D. French, C. Lightfoot, pp. 285-294.
- Morony, M. (2004), Population Transfer between Sasanian Iran and the Byzantine Empire, La Persia e Bisanzio. Attı dei Convegni Lincei 201, pp. 161-179.
- Morony, M. Sasanids, EI2, 9, pp. 70-83.
- Nicks, F. (1998), The Reign of Anastasius I, 498-518, PhD Thesis, Oxford.
- Sağlamtimur, H. and Ozan, A. (2017), Mezopotamya’da Nehir Taşımacılığı, TINA Denizcilik Arkeolojisi Dergisi, 8, pp. 26-39.
- Sağlamtimur, H. and Ozan, A. and A. Uhri, (2018), Çattepe Höyük, Batman Müzesi Ilısu Barajı Kurtarma Kazıları, pp. 241-261.
- Sağlamtimur, H. (2014), Dicle Kıyısında Geç Roma Dönemine Tarihlenen Bir kale ve Nehir Limanı, TINA Denizcilik Arkeolojisi Dergisi, 2, pp. 28-39.
- Treadgold, W. (2007), The Byzantine World Histories of John Malalas and Eustathius of Epiphania, The International History Review, vol. 29. No. 4, pp. 709-745.
- Whitby, M. (1998), Deus Nobiscum: Christianty, Warfare and Morale in Late Antiquity, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, No. 71, pp. 191-208.
- Whitby, M. (1988), The Emperor Maurice and his Historian, Oxford.
WARFARE AND TRAGEDY: THE SIEGE OF AMIDA (AD 502) AND AFTERMATH ACCORDING TO PS. JOSHUA THE STYLITE AND PS. ZACHARIAH RHETOR
Öz
The chronicles of Ps. Joshua the Stylite and Ps. Zachariah the Rhetor (or Mytilene) highlighted much of the Roman-Persian tension as well as gave quite detailed information about the local people of the region and their daily lives. Unlike the other historians of this era, these two authors recorded important details that would enable us to understand the stages of a siege during the Roman-Sassanian conflicts and the psychology of the people under the blockade. The resistance of the Amida people during the three-month siege, the city being taken over by the Sassanians, the subsequent famine, and many other details were recorded by these authors. This study will be a commentary on the daily life of the people in the region, the residents of the city during the siege, and will also be an analysis of the information given by the sources regarding the Amida siege of 502 itself.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ps. Joshua the Stylite Ps. Zachariah Rhetor Amida The Roman-Persian Wars Upper Tigris
Kaynakça
- Primary Sources
- Ammianus Marcellinus, History, tr. J. C. Rolfe, Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press 1935-1939.
- Chronicon Paschale, Chronicon Paschale 284-628, tr. Michael and Mary Whitby, Liverpool 1989.
- Evagrius, The Ecclesiastical history of Evagrius Scholasticus, tr. M. Whitby, Liverpool 2000.
- Malalas, The Chronicle of John Malalas, tr. E. Jeffreys, M. Jeffreys and R. Scott, Melbourne 1986.
- Notitia Dignitatum, ed. O. Seeck, Berlin 1876.
- Pseudo-Dionysius of Tel-Mahre, Chronicle Part III, ed. W. Witakowski, Liverpool 1996.
- Ps. Joshua the Stylite, The Chronicle of Pseudo-Joshua the Stylite, ed. and tr. F. Trombley and J. Watt, Liverpool 2000.
- Ps. Zachariah, The Chronicle of Pseudo-Zachariah Rhetor, ed. G. Greatrex, tr. R. R. Phenix and C. B. Horn, Liverpool 2011.
- Procopius, Buildings, ed. and tr. H. B. Dewings, Cambridge 1940.
- Procopius, Wars, ed. and tr. H. B. Dewings, Cambridge 1914.
- Theophanes, The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, tr. C. Mango and R. Scott, Oxford 1997.
- Zosimus, New History (History Nova), tr. Ronald T. Ridley, Sydney 1982.
- Modern Studies
- Blockley, R. C. (1988), Ammianus Marcellinus on the Persian Invasion of A.D. 359, Phoenix, vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 224-260.
- Blockley, R. C. (1984), The Romano-Persian Treaties of A.D. 299-363, Florilegium 6, pp. 28-49.
- Blockley, R. C. (1992), East Roman Foreign Policy, Leeds.
- Comfort, A. (2008), Roads on the frontier between Rome and Persia, Exeter.
- Daryaee, T. (2009), Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire, London.
- Dignas, B. and Winter, E. (2007), Rome and Persia in Late Antquity, Cambridge.
- Dodgeon, M. and Lieu, S. N. C. (2002), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 226-363, London.
- Frye, R. N. (1983), The Political History of Iran under the Sasanians, CHI, pp. 116-180.
- Gabriel, A. (1940), Voyages archeologiques dans la Turquie orientale, Paris.
- Greatrex, G. (1998) Rome and Persia at War: 502-532, Leeds.
- Greatrex, G. and Watt, J. W. (1999), One, two or three feasts? The Byrtae, The Maiuma and the May festival at Edessa, Oriens Christianus, pp. 1-21.
- Greatrex, G. and Lieu, S. N. C. (2002), The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars. Part II AD 363-630, London.
- Greatrex, G. (2010), Procopius and Pseudo-Zachariah on the siege of Amida and its aftermath (502-506), «Commutatio et contentio: Studies in the Late Roman, Sasanian, and Early Islamic Near East», ed. H. Börm and J. Wiesehöfer, pp. 227-252.
- Haarer, F. (2006), Anastasius I: Politics and Empire in the Late Roman World, Francis Cairns.
- Jones, A. H. M. (1964), The Later Roman Empire 284-602: a Social, Economic and Administrative Survey, Oxford.
- Kettenhoffen, E. Deportations, EIr, 7, pp. 297-308.
- Konuk, S. (2017), Roma Sasani Mücadelesinde Yukarı Dicle Havzası (MS. 298-591), (unpublished PhD Thesis) Muğla.
- Konuk, S. (2017), Geç Antikçağda Amida’nın Ortaya Çıkış Süreci ve Roma-Sasani Mücadelesindeki Rolüne Dair Bir Değerlendirme, Uluslararası Diyarbakır Sempozyumu Bildirileri, pp. 155-162.
- Lee, A. D. (2007) War in Late Antiquity, Wiley-Blackwell.
- Lenski, N. (2007) Two sieges of Amida (AD 359 and 502-502) and the Experience of Combat in the Late Roman Near East, The Late Roman Army in the Near East from Diocletian to the Arab Conquest, ed. A. Lewin, P. Pellegrini, BAR International Series 1717, pp. 219-237.
- Lightfoot, C. (1989), Sapor before the walls of Amida, in «The Eastern Frontier of the Roman Empire» (BAR International series 553), ed. D. French, C. Lightfoot, pp. 285-294.
- Morony, M. (2004), Population Transfer between Sasanian Iran and the Byzantine Empire, La Persia e Bisanzio. Attı dei Convegni Lincei 201, pp. 161-179.
- Morony, M. Sasanids, EI2, 9, pp. 70-83.
- Nicks, F. (1998), The Reign of Anastasius I, 498-518, PhD Thesis, Oxford.
- Sağlamtimur, H. and Ozan, A. (2017), Mezopotamya’da Nehir Taşımacılığı, TINA Denizcilik Arkeolojisi Dergisi, 8, pp. 26-39.
- Sağlamtimur, H. and Ozan, A. and A. Uhri, (2018), Çattepe Höyük, Batman Müzesi Ilısu Barajı Kurtarma Kazıları, pp. 241-261.
- Sağlamtimur, H. (2014), Dicle Kıyısında Geç Roma Dönemine Tarihlenen Bir kale ve Nehir Limanı, TINA Denizcilik Arkeolojisi Dergisi, 2, pp. 28-39.
- Treadgold, W. (2007), The Byzantine World Histories of John Malalas and Eustathius of Epiphania, The International History Review, vol. 29. No. 4, pp. 709-745.
- Whitby, M. (1998), Deus Nobiscum: Christianty, Warfare and Morale in Late Antiquity, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, No. 71, pp. 191-208.
- Whitby, M. (1988), The Emperor Maurice and his Historian, Oxford.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Nisan 2020 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 2 Aralık 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1 |
