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Boscalid + Pyraclotrobin Resistance and Expression of Succinate Dehyrogenase Genes (sdhA and sdhB) in Chestnut Blight Fungus Cryphonectria parasitica

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 287 - 297, 15.05.2024

Ebru Derelli Tüfekçi Deniz Çakar Seçil Akıllı Şimşek

https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1453439

Öz

Sweet chestnut, Castanea sativa Mill., is a significant species in Türkiye. The tree has been encountered with numerous diseases. Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M. E. Barr, is one of the most common diseases having spread to every chestnut-growing region. In this study, the effects of Bellis® (25.2% Boscalid + 12.8% Pyraclotrobin), a fungicide commonly used in plant disease control, were evaluated at different doses (10 ppm and 50 ppm) against the chestnut blight agent C. parasitica, which had not been previously studied for its effects in vitro. The isolates included two virulent strains (Cp1_2023, Cp2_2023) and two hypovirulent strains (Cp7_2023, Cp9_2023). The effects of Boscalid + Pyraclotrobin on the mycelial growth of the pathogenic fungus were determined for the first time in vitro, and these effects were detected at the sdhA and sdhB genes expression level. The results showed that the mycelial growth and pathogenicity of C. parasitica isolates in the fungicide-treated medium were consistent with the gene expression profile. Specifically, the virulent Cp1_2023 isolate exhibited higher mycelial growth, pathogenicity, and gene expression levels compared to the other isolate. In conclusion, it is recommended to conduct more detailed studies before using fungicides and to employ them in controlled environments.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Chestnut Cryphonectria parasitica Fungicide Sdh genes

Etik Beyan

Ethics committee approval was not required for this study because there was no study on animals or humans.

Teşekkür

We would like to thank the General Directory of Forestry and the Regional Directory of Forestry for providing the study materials.

Kaynakça

  • Aiello D, Cirvilleri G, Polizzi G, Vitale A. 2013. Effects of fungicide treatments for the control of epidemic and exotic Calonectria diseases in Italy. Plant Dis, 97(1): 37-43.
  • Akıllı S, Katırcıoğlu YZ, Maden S. 2009. Vegetative compatibility types of Cryphonectria parasitica, chestnut blight agent, in Black Sea Region. For Pathol, 39(6): 390-396.
  • Aksoy HM, Serdar U. 2004. A research on chemical control against chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica (Murill) Barr). Plant Pathol J, 3(1): 44-47.
  • Anagnostakis S. 1977. Vegetative incompatibility in Endothia parasitica. Exp Mycol, 1(4): 306-316.
  • Anagnostakis SL. 1982. Biological control of chestnut blight. Science, 215(4532): 466-471.
  • Andrade SM, Augusti GR, Paiva GF, Feksa HR, Tessmann DJ, Machado FJ, Mizubuti ESG, Del Ponte EM. 2022. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the resistance to azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin in Fusarium graminearum populations from Brazil. Plant Pathol, 71(5): 1152-1163.
  • Avenot HF, Michailides TJ. 2007. Resistance to boscalid fungicide in Alternaria alternata isolates from pistachio in California. Plant Dis, 91(10): 1345-1350.
  • Avenot HF, Morgan DP, Michailides TJ. 2008. Resistance to pyraclostrobin, boscalid and multiple resistance to Pristine® (pyraclostrobin + boscalid) fungicide in Alternaria alternata causing alternaria late blight of pistachios in California. Plant Pathol J, 57(1): 135-140.
  • Avenot HF, Thomas A, Gitaitis RD, Langston Jr DB, Stevenson K. 2012. Molecular characterization of boscalid- and penthiopyrad-resistant isolates of Didymella bryoniae and assessment of their sensitivity to fluopyram. Pest Manag Sci, 68(4): 645-651.
  • Bardas GA, Veloukas T, Koutita O, Karaoglanidis GS. 2010. Multiple resistance of Botrytis cinerea from kiwifruit to SDHIs, QoIs and fungicides of other chemical groups. Pest Manag Sci, 66(9): 967-73.
  • Bisiach M, Cortesi P, De Martino A, Intropido M. 1995. Biological control of chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. In Proceedings of the International Congress “Microbial control agents in sustainable agriculture field experience, industrial production and registration”. Saint Vincent (Aosta), pp: 167.
  • Canciani L, Dallavalle E, Zambonelli A, D’Aulerio AZ. 1995. Prove di protezione chimica su innesti di Castagno. Difesa delle Piante, 18(2): 116-121.
  • Çeliker NM, Onoğur E. 2001. Evaluation of hypovirulent isolates of Cryphonectria parasitica for the biological control of chestnut blight. For Snow Landsc Res, 76(3): 378-382.
  • Cheradil A, Tarcali G, Csüllög K, Boukhili M. 2022. Study of chemical control options against chestnut blight disease. Rev Agric Rural Dev, 11(1-2): 20-25.
  • Choi GH, Nuss DL. 1992. Hypovirulence of chestnut blight fungus conferred by an infectious viral cDNA. Science, 257(5071): 800-803.
  • Delen N. 1975. Distribution and the biology of chestnut blight (Endothia parasitica) (Murrill) Anderson and Anderson. J Turkish Phytopath, 4: 93-113.
  • Delen N. 1980. Studies on the control possibilities of chestnut blight [Endothia parasitica (Murr.) A. and A.] in Turkey. II. Appearance possibility of resistance after continuous applications of effective systemic fungicides against the pathogen in vitro. J Turkish Phytopath, 9(1): 27-47.
  • Dias MC. 2012. Phytotoxicity: An overview of the physiological responses of plants exposed to fungicides. J Botany, 135479: 1-5.
  • Erincik Ö, Döken MT, Acikgöz S, Ertan E. 2008. Characterisation of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates collected from Aydin province in Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 36: 249-259.
  • FAO. 2014. Management of chestnut blight and for improving forest health and vitality (2012–2014), Report TCP/TUR/615676.
  • FAOSTAT. 2024. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. URL: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL (accessed date: March 29, 2024).
  • Fernández-Ortuño D, Chen F, Schnabel G. 2012. Resistance to pyraclostrobin and boscalid in Botrytis cinerea isolates from strawberry fields in the Carolinas. Plant Dis J, 96(8): 1198-1203.
  • Fernández-Ortuño D, Grabke A, Bryson PK, Amiri A, Peres NA, Schnabel G. 2014. Fungicide resistance profiles in Botrytis cinerea from strawberry fields of seven southern U.S. states. Plant Dis, 98(6): 825-833.
  • Fulbright DW. 1984. Effect of eliminating dsRNA in hypovirulent Endothia parasitica. Phytopathology, 74(6): 722-724.
  • Gilardi G, Demarchi S, Gullino ML, Garibaldi A. 2016. Evaluation of the short term effect of nursery treatments with phosphite-based products, acibenzolar-S-methyl, pelleted Brassica carinata and biocontrol agents, against lettuce and cultivated rocket fusarium wilt under artificial inoculation and greenhouse conditions. Crop Prot, 85: 23-32.
  • González-Varela G, González AJ. 2007. In vitro sensitivity of Cryphonectria parasitica to six agrochemicals. Australas Plant Dis Notes, 2(1): 109-110.
  • Grente J. 1965. Les formes hypovirulentes d'Endothia parasitica et les espoirs de lutte contre le chancre du chataignier. CR Acad Agric France, 51: 1033-1037.
  • Groover RK, Moore JD. 1962. Toxicometric studies of fungicides against the brown rot causing organism Scleovitia fructivola and S. laxa. Phythopathol, 52: 876-879.
  • Gudmestad NC, Arabiat S, Miller JS, Pasche JS. 2013. Prevalence and impact of SDHI fungicide resistance in Alternaria solani. Plant Dis J, 97(7): 952-960.
  • Heiniger U, Rigling D. 1994. Biological control of chestnut blight in Europe. Annu Rev Phytopathol, 32(1): 581-599.
  • Jaynes RA, Van Alfen N. 1977. Control of the chestnut blight fungus with injected methyl-2 benzimidazolecarbamate. Plant Dis Rep, 61: 1032-1036.
  • Kim YK, Xiao CL. 2010. Resistance to pyraclostrobin and boscalid in populations of Botrytis cinerea from stored apples in Washington State. Plant Dis J, 94(5): 604-612.
  • Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2− ΔΔCT method. Methods, 25(4): 402-408.
  • MacDonald WL, Fulbright DW. 1991. Biological control of chestnut blight: use and limitations of transmissible hypovirulence. Plant Dis, 75(7): 656-661.
  • Miles TD, Miles LA, Fairchild KL, Wharton PS. 2014. Screening and characterization of resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors in Alternaria solani. Plant Pathol, 63(1): 155-164.
  • Milgroom GM, Cortesi P. 2004. Biological control of chestnut blight with hypovirulence; a critical analysis. Annu Revi Phytopathol, 42: 311-338.
  • Miyamoto T, Ishii H, Stammler G, Koch A, Ogawara T, Tomita Y, Fountaine JM, Ushio S, Seko T, Kobori S. 2010. Distribution and molecular characterization of Corynespora cassiicola isolates resistant to boscalid. Plant Pathol J, 59(5): 873-881.
  • OGM 2014. FAO ve Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Kestane Hastalıklarına Karşı Standart Çalışma Yöntemleri, Ankara, Türkiye,
  • OGM. 2021. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Türkiye Orman Varlığı, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Owaid MN, Jaloot AS, Ahmed DM. 2018. Influence of Ficus carica and Olea europaea leaves extracts on the mycelial growth of mushrooms in vitro. Acta Ecol Sin, 39(1): 36-41.
  • Prospero S, Rigling D. 2013. Chestnut Blight. In: Gonthier P, Nicolotti G, editors. Infectious Forest Disease: CAB Internacional, 318-339.
  • Pundir RK, Jain P, Sharma C. 2010. Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of Syzygium aromaticum and Allium sativum against food associated bacteria and fungi. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 3: 11.
  • Rigling D, Heiniger U, Hohl HR. 1989. Reduction of laccase activity in ds-RNAcontaining hypovirulent strains of Cryphonectria (Endothia) parasitica. Phytopathol, 79(2): 219-223.
  • Rigling D, & Prospero S. 2018. Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight: invasion history, population biology and disease control. Mol Plant Pathol, 19(1): 7-20.
  • Rigling D, Borst N, Cornejo C, Supatashvili A, Prospero S. 2018. Genetic and phenotypic characterisation of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 from Eurasian Georgia. Viruses, 10(12): 687.
  • Ritchie D, Pollard DW. 2003. Evaluation of preharvest fungicide sprays for control of peach fruit brown rot, 2002. Fungic Nematicide Tests, 58: STF013.
  • Rohel EA, Cavelier N, Hollomon DW. 2001. Microscopic analysis of the effect of azoxystrobin treatments on Mycosphaerella graminicola infection using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing transformants. Pest Manag Sci, 57(11): 1017-1022.
  • Russel PE. 2004. Sensitivity Baselines in Fungicide Resistance Research and Management. In: Monograph. 3. FRAC, Crop Life Int Brussels, pp: 1e60.
  • Schnabel G, Powell RC. 2003. Preharvest fungicide sprays for control of peach/nectarine fruit decay 4, 7, 10 and 13 days after harvest. Fungic Nematicide Tests, 58: STF004.
  • Shakeel Q, Bajwa RT, Iftikhar Y, Mubeen M, Luqman M, Ashraf W, Rashid I. 2021. Effective management of ginger soft rot caused by Penicillium digitatum through plant extracts. Sarhad J Agric, 37(3): 714-721.
  • Stammler G, Brix HD, Glättli A, Semar M, Schoefl U. 2007. Biological properties of the carboxamide boscalid including recent studies on its mode of action. XVI International Plant Protection Congress, October 15-18, Glasgow, UK, pp: 40e45.
  • Steffens JJ, Pell EJ, Tien M. 1996. Mechanisms of fungicide resistance in phytopathogenic fungi. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 7(3): 348e355.
  • Trapiello E, González-Varela G, González AJ. 2015. Chestnut blight control by agrochemicals in Castanea sativa under managed conditions. J Plant Dis Prot, 122: 120-124.
  • Wong FP, Wilcox WF 2002. Sensitivity to azoxystrobin among isolates of Uncinula necator: Baseline distribution and relationship to myclobutanil sensitivity. Plant Dis, 86(4): 394-404.
  • Yin YN, Kim YK, Xiao CL. 2011. Molecular characterization of boscalid resistance in field isolates of Botrytis cinerea from apple. Phytopathol, 101(8): 986-995.
  • Zhang A, Yue Y, Yang Y, Yang J, Tao K, Jin H, Hou T. 2019. Discovery of N-(4-fluoro-2-(phenylamino) phenyl)-pyrazole-4-carboxamides as potential succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors. Pestic Biochem Phys, 158: 175-184.

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 287 - 297, 15.05.2024

Ebru Derelli Tüfekçi Deniz Çakar Seçil Akıllı Şimşek

https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1453439

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aiello D, Cirvilleri G, Polizzi G, Vitale A. 2013. Effects of fungicide treatments for the control of epidemic and exotic Calonectria diseases in Italy. Plant Dis, 97(1): 37-43.
  • Akıllı S, Katırcıoğlu YZ, Maden S. 2009. Vegetative compatibility types of Cryphonectria parasitica, chestnut blight agent, in Black Sea Region. For Pathol, 39(6): 390-396.
  • Aksoy HM, Serdar U. 2004. A research on chemical control against chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica (Murill) Barr). Plant Pathol J, 3(1): 44-47.
  • Anagnostakis S. 1977. Vegetative incompatibility in Endothia parasitica. Exp Mycol, 1(4): 306-316.
  • Anagnostakis SL. 1982. Biological control of chestnut blight. Science, 215(4532): 466-471.
  • Andrade SM, Augusti GR, Paiva GF, Feksa HR, Tessmann DJ, Machado FJ, Mizubuti ESG, Del Ponte EM. 2022. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of the resistance to azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin in Fusarium graminearum populations from Brazil. Plant Pathol, 71(5): 1152-1163.
  • Avenot HF, Michailides TJ. 2007. Resistance to boscalid fungicide in Alternaria alternata isolates from pistachio in California. Plant Dis, 91(10): 1345-1350.
  • Avenot HF, Morgan DP, Michailides TJ. 2008. Resistance to pyraclostrobin, boscalid and multiple resistance to Pristine® (pyraclostrobin + boscalid) fungicide in Alternaria alternata causing alternaria late blight of pistachios in California. Plant Pathol J, 57(1): 135-140.
  • Avenot HF, Thomas A, Gitaitis RD, Langston Jr DB, Stevenson K. 2012. Molecular characterization of boscalid- and penthiopyrad-resistant isolates of Didymella bryoniae and assessment of their sensitivity to fluopyram. Pest Manag Sci, 68(4): 645-651.
  • Bardas GA, Veloukas T, Koutita O, Karaoglanidis GS. 2010. Multiple resistance of Botrytis cinerea from kiwifruit to SDHIs, QoIs and fungicides of other chemical groups. Pest Manag Sci, 66(9): 967-73.
  • Bisiach M, Cortesi P, De Martino A, Intropido M. 1995. Biological control of chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. In Proceedings of the International Congress “Microbial control agents in sustainable agriculture field experience, industrial production and registration”. Saint Vincent (Aosta), pp: 167.
  • Canciani L, Dallavalle E, Zambonelli A, D’Aulerio AZ. 1995. Prove di protezione chimica su innesti di Castagno. Difesa delle Piante, 18(2): 116-121.
  • Çeliker NM, Onoğur E. 2001. Evaluation of hypovirulent isolates of Cryphonectria parasitica for the biological control of chestnut blight. For Snow Landsc Res, 76(3): 378-382.
  • Cheradil A, Tarcali G, Csüllög K, Boukhili M. 2022. Study of chemical control options against chestnut blight disease. Rev Agric Rural Dev, 11(1-2): 20-25.
  • Choi GH, Nuss DL. 1992. Hypovirulence of chestnut blight fungus conferred by an infectious viral cDNA. Science, 257(5071): 800-803.
  • Delen N. 1975. Distribution and the biology of chestnut blight (Endothia parasitica) (Murrill) Anderson and Anderson. J Turkish Phytopath, 4: 93-113.
  • Delen N. 1980. Studies on the control possibilities of chestnut blight [Endothia parasitica (Murr.) A. and A.] in Turkey. II. Appearance possibility of resistance after continuous applications of effective systemic fungicides against the pathogen in vitro. J Turkish Phytopath, 9(1): 27-47.
  • Dias MC. 2012. Phytotoxicity: An overview of the physiological responses of plants exposed to fungicides. J Botany, 135479: 1-5.
  • Erincik Ö, Döken MT, Acikgöz S, Ertan E. 2008. Characterisation of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates collected from Aydin province in Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 36: 249-259.
  • FAO. 2014. Management of chestnut blight and for improving forest health and vitality (2012–2014), Report TCP/TUR/615676.
  • FAOSTAT. 2024. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. URL: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL (accessed date: March 29, 2024).
  • Fernández-Ortuño D, Chen F, Schnabel G. 2012. Resistance to pyraclostrobin and boscalid in Botrytis cinerea isolates from strawberry fields in the Carolinas. Plant Dis J, 96(8): 1198-1203.
  • Fernández-Ortuño D, Grabke A, Bryson PK, Amiri A, Peres NA, Schnabel G. 2014. Fungicide resistance profiles in Botrytis cinerea from strawberry fields of seven southern U.S. states. Plant Dis, 98(6): 825-833.
  • Fulbright DW. 1984. Effect of eliminating dsRNA in hypovirulent Endothia parasitica. Phytopathology, 74(6): 722-724.
  • Gilardi G, Demarchi S, Gullino ML, Garibaldi A. 2016. Evaluation of the short term effect of nursery treatments with phosphite-based products, acibenzolar-S-methyl, pelleted Brassica carinata and biocontrol agents, against lettuce and cultivated rocket fusarium wilt under artificial inoculation and greenhouse conditions. Crop Prot, 85: 23-32.
  • González-Varela G, González AJ. 2007. In vitro sensitivity of Cryphonectria parasitica to six agrochemicals. Australas Plant Dis Notes, 2(1): 109-110.
  • Grente J. 1965. Les formes hypovirulentes d'Endothia parasitica et les espoirs de lutte contre le chancre du chataignier. CR Acad Agric France, 51: 1033-1037.
  • Groover RK, Moore JD. 1962. Toxicometric studies of fungicides against the brown rot causing organism Scleovitia fructivola and S. laxa. Phythopathol, 52: 876-879.
  • Gudmestad NC, Arabiat S, Miller JS, Pasche JS. 2013. Prevalence and impact of SDHI fungicide resistance in Alternaria solani. Plant Dis J, 97(7): 952-960.
  • Heiniger U, Rigling D. 1994. Biological control of chestnut blight in Europe. Annu Rev Phytopathol, 32(1): 581-599.
  • Jaynes RA, Van Alfen N. 1977. Control of the chestnut blight fungus with injected methyl-2 benzimidazolecarbamate. Plant Dis Rep, 61: 1032-1036.
  • Kim YK, Xiao CL. 2010. Resistance to pyraclostrobin and boscalid in populations of Botrytis cinerea from stored apples in Washington State. Plant Dis J, 94(5): 604-612.
  • Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2− ΔΔCT method. Methods, 25(4): 402-408.
  • MacDonald WL, Fulbright DW. 1991. Biological control of chestnut blight: use and limitations of transmissible hypovirulence. Plant Dis, 75(7): 656-661.
  • Miles TD, Miles LA, Fairchild KL, Wharton PS. 2014. Screening and characterization of resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors in Alternaria solani. Plant Pathol, 63(1): 155-164.
  • Milgroom GM, Cortesi P. 2004. Biological control of chestnut blight with hypovirulence; a critical analysis. Annu Revi Phytopathol, 42: 311-338.
  • Miyamoto T, Ishii H, Stammler G, Koch A, Ogawara T, Tomita Y, Fountaine JM, Ushio S, Seko T, Kobori S. 2010. Distribution and molecular characterization of Corynespora cassiicola isolates resistant to boscalid. Plant Pathol J, 59(5): 873-881.
  • OGM 2014. FAO ve Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Kestane Hastalıklarına Karşı Standart Çalışma Yöntemleri, Ankara, Türkiye,
  • OGM. 2021. Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Türkiye Orman Varlığı, Ankara, Türkiye.
  • Owaid MN, Jaloot AS, Ahmed DM. 2018. Influence of Ficus carica and Olea europaea leaves extracts on the mycelial growth of mushrooms in vitro. Acta Ecol Sin, 39(1): 36-41.
  • Prospero S, Rigling D. 2013. Chestnut Blight. In: Gonthier P, Nicolotti G, editors. Infectious Forest Disease: CAB Internacional, 318-339.
  • Pundir RK, Jain P, Sharma C. 2010. Antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extracts of Syzygium aromaticum and Allium sativum against food associated bacteria and fungi. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 3: 11.
  • Rigling D, Heiniger U, Hohl HR. 1989. Reduction of laccase activity in ds-RNAcontaining hypovirulent strains of Cryphonectria (Endothia) parasitica. Phytopathol, 79(2): 219-223.
  • Rigling D, & Prospero S. 2018. Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight: invasion history, population biology and disease control. Mol Plant Pathol, 19(1): 7-20.
  • Rigling D, Borst N, Cornejo C, Supatashvili A, Prospero S. 2018. Genetic and phenotypic characterisation of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 from Eurasian Georgia. Viruses, 10(12): 687.
  • Ritchie D, Pollard DW. 2003. Evaluation of preharvest fungicide sprays for control of peach fruit brown rot, 2002. Fungic Nematicide Tests, 58: STF013.
  • Rohel EA, Cavelier N, Hollomon DW. 2001. Microscopic analysis of the effect of azoxystrobin treatments on Mycosphaerella graminicola infection using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing transformants. Pest Manag Sci, 57(11): 1017-1022.
  • Russel PE. 2004. Sensitivity Baselines in Fungicide Resistance Research and Management. In: Monograph. 3. FRAC, Crop Life Int Brussels, pp: 1e60.
  • Schnabel G, Powell RC. 2003. Preharvest fungicide sprays for control of peach/nectarine fruit decay 4, 7, 10 and 13 days after harvest. Fungic Nematicide Tests, 58: STF004.
  • Shakeel Q, Bajwa RT, Iftikhar Y, Mubeen M, Luqman M, Ashraf W, Rashid I. 2021. Effective management of ginger soft rot caused by Penicillium digitatum through plant extracts. Sarhad J Agric, 37(3): 714-721.
  • Stammler G, Brix HD, Glättli A, Semar M, Schoefl U. 2007. Biological properties of the carboxamide boscalid including recent studies on its mode of action. XVI International Plant Protection Congress, October 15-18, Glasgow, UK, pp: 40e45.
  • Steffens JJ, Pell EJ, Tien M. 1996. Mechanisms of fungicide resistance in phytopathogenic fungi. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 7(3): 348e355.
  • Trapiello E, González-Varela G, González AJ. 2015. Chestnut blight control by agrochemicals in Castanea sativa under managed conditions. J Plant Dis Prot, 122: 120-124.
  • Wong FP, Wilcox WF 2002. Sensitivity to azoxystrobin among isolates of Uncinula necator: Baseline distribution and relationship to myclobutanil sensitivity. Plant Dis, 86(4): 394-404.
  • Yin YN, Kim YK, Xiao CL. 2011. Molecular characterization of boscalid resistance in field isolates of Botrytis cinerea from apple. Phytopathol, 101(8): 986-995.
  • Zhang A, Yue Y, Yang Y, Yang J, Tao K, Jin H, Hou T. 2019. Discovery of N-(4-fluoro-2-(phenylamino) phenyl)-pyrazole-4-carboxamides as potential succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors. Pestic Biochem Phys, 158: 175-184.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Gen İfadesi
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Ebru Derelli Tüfekçi 0000-0003-1097-8574

Deniz Çakar 0000-0002-6269-404X

Seçil Akıllı Şimşek 0000-0002-5055-1391

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Mayıs 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 19 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Derelli Tüfekçi, E., Çakar, D., & Akıllı Şimşek, S. (2024). Boscalid + Pyraclotrobin Resistance and Expression of Succinate Dehyrogenase Genes (sdhA and sdhB) in Chestnut Blight Fungus Cryphonectria parasitica. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 7(3), 287-297. https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1453439
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