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TÜRKİYE’DE KENTLEŞME VE EKONOMİK BİLEŞENLERİNİN TOPLUM SAĞLIĞI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: 2014-2018 PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ / The Impacts Of Urbanization And Economic Components On Public Health In Turkey: 2014-2018 Panel Data Analysis

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 317 - 337, 10.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.29216/ueip.1131717

Abstract

Covid-19 Pandemi süreci sonrasında ekonomi ve kentleşme alanındaki akademik çalışmaların odak noktasını toplum sağlığı üzerinde etkili olan iktisadi ve sosyopolitik bileşenler ve bu konuda karşılaşılan temel açmazlar oluşturmaktadır. Toplum sağlık harcamaları üzerinde doğrudan ya da dolaylı olarak kentsel dinamikler, ekonomik kalkınma girişimler ve ekolojik kısıtlar belirleyici olmaktadır. Bu kapsamda çalışmanın temel amacı kentleşme ve çevresel unsurlar ile ilişkili olarak iktisadi ve sosyopolitik parametrelerin toplum sağlık harcamaları arasındaki ilişkiyi analiz etmektir. Bu amaçla çalışmada Türkiye’deki 2014 ile 2018 yılları arasında 30 büyükşehir için toplum sağlığı harcamaları üzerindeki etkisi olan unsurları belirlemek için Panel EGLS modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda plansız kentleşmenin sebep olduğu nüfus yoğunluğu, hava kirliliği, hijyen koşullarının yetersizliği, atıklar, kişi başına düşen yeşil alan miktarının yetersiz olması gibi bileşenlerin toplum sağlığını koruma ve geliştirme maliyetlerini arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Benzer şekilde enerji kullanımının artması, yüksek eğitim seviyesi ve yaşlı nüfus oranı gibi parametrelerin toplum sağlık hizmetlerine olan talebi artırdığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

References

  • Abbas, F. and Hiemenz, U. (2013). What Determines Public Health Expenditures in Pakistan? Role of Income, Urbanization and Unemployment. Economic Change and Restructuring, 46(4), 341-362.
  • Agiomirgianakis, G. M., Magoutas, A. I. and Sfakianakis, G. (2013). Determinants of Profitability in the Greek Tourism Sector Revisited: The Impact of the Economic Crisis. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 1(1), 12-17.
  • Ali, M., Egbetokun, A. and Memon, M. H. (2018). Human Capital, Social Capabilities and Economic Growth. Economies, 6(1), 1-18.
  • Asemota, O. J., Bala, D. A. and Haruna, Y. (2015). Fisher Effect, Structural Breaks and Outliers Detection in ECOWAS Countries. International Journal of Statistics and Applications, 5(5), 181-195.
  • Bakırtaş, İ. ve Çetin, M. A. (2018). G-7 Ülkelerinde Sağlık Harcamalarının Belirleyicileri: Heterojen Dinamik Panel Veri Bulguları. 5. Uluslararası Politik, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Kongresi (ICPESS), Sakarya, 211-222.
  • Basner, M., Babisch, W., Davis, A., Brink, M., Clark, C., Janssen, S. and Stansfeld, S. (2014). Auditory and Non-Auditory Effects of Noise on Health. The Lancet, 383(9925), 1325-1332.
  • Bedir S. (2016). Healthcare Expenditure And Economic Growth in Developing Countries. Advances in Economics and Business, 4(2), 76-86.
  • Blakely, T. A., Lochner, K., and Kawachi, I. (2002). Metropolitan Area Income Inequality and Self-Rated Health-A Multi-Level Study. Social Science ve Medicine, 54(1), 65-77.
  • Boz, C., Taş, N. and Önder, E. (2020). The Impacts of Aging, Income and Urbanization on Health Expenditures: A Panel Regression Analysis for OECD Countries. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 18(1), 1-9.
  • Çetin, M. A. and Bakırtaş, İ. (2019). Does Urbanization Induce The Health Expenditures? A Dynamic Macro-Panel Analysis for Developing Countries. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 61, 208-222.
  • Ecevit, E., Çetin, M. ve Yücel, A. G. (2018). Türki Cumhuriyetlerinde Sağlık Harcamalarının Belirleyicileri: Bir Panel Veri Analizi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 10(19), 318-334.
  • Erçelik, G. (2018). The Relationship Between Health Expenditure and Economic Growth in Turkey from 1980 to 2015. Journal of Politics, 1(1), 1–8.
  • Erdil, E. and Yetkiner, I. H. (2009). The Granger-Causality Between Health Care Expenditure and Output: A Panel Data Approach. Applied Economics, 41(4), 511-518.
  • EC (2020). The Future of Cities, Trends and Drives. Access address: https://urban.jrc.ec.europa.eu/thefutureofcities/urbanisation #the-chapter
  • Fatima, N. and Sahibzada, A. (2012). Empirical Evidence of Fisher Effect in Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 18(6), 770-773.
  • Feng, J., Lou, P. and Yu, Y. (2015). Health Care Expenditure over Life Cycle in the People’s Republic of China. Asian Development Review, 32(1), 167-195.
  • Flies, E.J., Skelly, C., Negi, S.S., Prabhakaran, P., Liu, Q., Liu, K., and Weinstein, P. (2017). Biodiverse Green Spaces: A Prescription for Global Urban Health. Frontiers in Ecology and The Environment, 15(9), 510-516.
  • Freudenberg, N., Galea, S. and Vlahov, D. (2006). Changing Living Conditions; Changing Health US Cities since World War II. In Cities and the Health of the Public (pp. 19-45). Vanderbilt University Press.
  • Galea, S., Freudenberg, N. and Vlahov, D. (2005). Cities and Population Health. Social Science ve Medicine, 60(5), 1017-1033.
  • Gerdtham, U. G. and Jönsson, B. (2000). International Comparisons of Health Expenditure: Theory, Data and Econometric Analysis. In Handbook of Health Economics (Vol. 1, pp. 11-53). Elsevier.
  • Hall, R. E. and Jones, C. I. (2007). The Value of Life and the Rise in Health Spending. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122 (1), 39-72.
  • Hoffmann, B. (2019). Air Pollution in Cities: Urban And Transport Planning Determinants And Health in Cities. In Integrating Human Health into Urban and Transport Planning (pp. 425-441). Springer, Cham.
  • Jerrett, M., Eyles, J., Dufournaud, C. and Birch, S. (2003). Environmental influences on healthcare expenditures: an exploratory analysis from Ontario, Canada. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(5), 334-338.
  • Kılıç, C. and Kurt, Ü. (2020). Kentleşmenin Sağlık Harcamaları Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye İçin ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(21), 290-305.
  • King, G., Flisher, A. J., Mallett, R., Graham, J., Lombard, C., and Rawson, T. (2003). Smoking in Cape Town: Community İnfluences On Adolescent Tobacco Use. Preventive Medicine, 36(1), 114–123.
  • Maqin, R. A. and Sidharta, I. (2017). The Relationship of Economic Growth With Human Development And Electricity Consumption in Indonesia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(3), 201-207.
  • McDade, T. W. and Adair, L. S. (2001). Defining the ‘Urban’ in Urbanization and Health: A Factor Analysis Approach. Social Science ve Medicine, 53, 55-70.
  • McNeill, J. R. (2000). Something New Under The Sun: An Environmental History of The Twentieth Century. New York: Norton.
  • Moore, M., Gould, P. and Keary, B. S. (2003). Global Urbanization and Impact on Health. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 206, 269-278.
  • Newhouse, J. P. (1977). Medical-Care Expenditure: A Cross-National Survey. The Journal of Human Resources, 12(1), 115-125.
  • Nordin, N. B., Nordin, N. B., Zainudin, N. B. and Yasin, N. H. B. M. (2017). Effects of Rural And Urban Population on Health Care Expenditure: Case of China And India. In Proceedings of International Conference on Economics (ICE 2017), 286-299.
  • OECD (2006). Projecting OECD Health And Long-Term Care Expenditures: What are The Main Drivers?. OECD Publishing.
  • OECD (2012). OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction. OECD Publishing.
  • Öztürk, Ş. (2008). Kırsal Yoksulluk ve Neo-Liberal Ekonomi Politikaları. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(5), 605-634.
  • Paleologos, J. M. and Georgantelis, S. E. (1996). Does The Fisher Effect Apply in Greece? A Cointegration Analysis. International Conference in Quantitative Analysis in the University of Piraeus (Piraeus-Greece, 7-9 November, 1996).
  • Richmond, A. K. and Kaufmann, R. K. (2006). Is There A Turning Point In The Relationship Between Income and Energy Use and/Or Carbon Emissions?. Ecological Economics, 56(2), 176-189.
  • Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2018). Urbanization. Our world in Data. Access address: https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization?fbclid=IwAR1g1kuapSWM-do3UxigkoqzCUAsqBTFdpLW_IXOCSMHTDdClS2c2RyUNnc Samadi, A. and Rad, E. H. (2013). Determinants of Healthcare Expenditure in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Countries: Evidence from Panel Cointegration Tests. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 1(1), 63-68.
  • Shahbaz, M., Sbia, R., Hamdi, H. and Ozturk, I. (2014). Economic Growth, Electricity Consumption, Urbanization and Environmental Degradation Relationship in United Arab Emirates. Ecological Indicators, 45, 622-631.
  • Sülkü, S. N. and Caner, A. (2011). Health Care Expenditures And Gross Domestic Product: The Turkish case. The European Journal of Health Economics, 12(1), 29-38.
  • Tutar, F. and Kılınç, N. (2007). Türkiye’nin Sağlık Sektöründeki Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Potansiyeli ve Farklı Ülke Örnekleriyle Mukayesesi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 31-54.
  • UN (2018). World Urbanization Prospects: Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division, The 2018 Revision, Online Edition. Access address: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/
  • UNEP (2002). Global Environmental Outlook-3: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives. Earthscan, London
  • Van den Bosch, M. and Sang, Å. O. (2017). Urban Natural Environments as Nature-Based Solutions for Improved Public Health–A Systematic Review of Reviews. Environmental Research, 158, 373-384.
  • Van Kamp I, Babisch W. and Brown A. L. (2012). Environmental Noise And Health. In The Praeger Handbook of Environmental Health. Vol I: Foundations of the Field (Friis RH, ed). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 69–93.
  • Vlahov, D., Freudenberg, N., Proietti, F., Ompad, D., Quinn, A., Nandi, V. and Galea, S. (2007). Urban As A Determinant Of Health. Journal of Urban Health, 84(1), 16-26.
  • Wang, M., Cave, B., Kock, R. and Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2016). Healthy Planet Healthy People. UNEP/UNECE 2016. GEO-6 Assessment for the pan-European region. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • Wang, Z. (2009). The Convergence of Health Care Expenditure in The US States. Health Economics, 18(1), 55-70.
  • Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J. and Newell, J. P. (2014). Urban Green Space, Public Health, And Environmental Justice: The Challenge of Making Cities ‘Just Green Enough. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 234-244.
  • World Bank-WB (2020). Urban Development, Overview. Access address: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview
  • Yang, X. (2019). Health Expenditure, Human Capital, And Economic Growth: An Empirical Study Of Developing Countries. International Journal of Health Economics and Management, 1-14.
  • Yaya, K. (2015). Testing the Long Run Fisher Effect in Selected African Countries: Evidence from ARDL Bounds Test. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(12), 168-175. Yıldırım, K. (2019). Assessing Capacity of Urban Climate Governance: A Case from Turkish Metropolitan Municipalities. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 14(2), 299-338.
  • Yıldırım, K. and Önder, M. (2019). Collaborative Role of Metropolitan Municipalities in Local Climate Protection Governance Strategies: The Case of Turkish Metropolitan Cities. Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 21(2), 1950006.
  • Ziraba, A. K., Haregu, T. N. and Mberu, B. (2016). A Review and Framework for Understanding The Potential Impact of Poor Solid Waste Management on Health in Developing Countries. Archives of Public Health, 74(1), 1-11.

THE IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION AND ECONOMIC COMPONENTS ON PUBLIC HEALTH IN TURKEY: 2014-2018 PANEL DATA ANALYSIS / Türkiye’de Kentleşme Ve Ekonomik Bileşenlerinin Toplum Sağlığı Üzerindeki Etkileri: 2014-2018 Panel Veri Analizi

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 317 - 337, 10.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.29216/ueip.1131717

Abstract

After the Covid-19 Pandemic process, the focus of academic research in economics and urbanization consist of economic and sociopolitical components that affect public health and fundamental challenge encountered on that issue. Urban dynamics, economic development initiatives, and ecological constraints are directly or indirectly determinative on public health expenditures. In this context, the main purpose of the study is to analyze the explanatory relationship between public health expenditures and economic and sociopolitical parameters regarding urbanization and environmental factors. For this purpose, the Panel EGLS model was used to determine the factors that have an impact on public health expenditures for 30 metropolitan cities in Turkey between 2014 and 2018. As a result of the study, it is concluded that the costs of protecting and enhancing public health increased due to excessive population density, air pollution, insufficient hygiene conditions, wastes, and limited urban green space per person caused by rapid and unplanned urbanization in Turkey. Likewise, it is found that socio-demographic parameters such as rise in energy consumption, high education level, and elder population rate, increased demand for public health services.

References

  • Abbas, F. and Hiemenz, U. (2013). What Determines Public Health Expenditures in Pakistan? Role of Income, Urbanization and Unemployment. Economic Change and Restructuring, 46(4), 341-362.
  • Agiomirgianakis, G. M., Magoutas, A. I. and Sfakianakis, G. (2013). Determinants of Profitability in the Greek Tourism Sector Revisited: The Impact of the Economic Crisis. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 1(1), 12-17.
  • Ali, M., Egbetokun, A. and Memon, M. H. (2018). Human Capital, Social Capabilities and Economic Growth. Economies, 6(1), 1-18.
  • Asemota, O. J., Bala, D. A. and Haruna, Y. (2015). Fisher Effect, Structural Breaks and Outliers Detection in ECOWAS Countries. International Journal of Statistics and Applications, 5(5), 181-195.
  • Bakırtaş, İ. ve Çetin, M. A. (2018). G-7 Ülkelerinde Sağlık Harcamalarının Belirleyicileri: Heterojen Dinamik Panel Veri Bulguları. 5. Uluslararası Politik, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Kongresi (ICPESS), Sakarya, 211-222.
  • Basner, M., Babisch, W., Davis, A., Brink, M., Clark, C., Janssen, S. and Stansfeld, S. (2014). Auditory and Non-Auditory Effects of Noise on Health. The Lancet, 383(9925), 1325-1332.
  • Bedir S. (2016). Healthcare Expenditure And Economic Growth in Developing Countries. Advances in Economics and Business, 4(2), 76-86.
  • Blakely, T. A., Lochner, K., and Kawachi, I. (2002). Metropolitan Area Income Inequality and Self-Rated Health-A Multi-Level Study. Social Science ve Medicine, 54(1), 65-77.
  • Boz, C., Taş, N. and Önder, E. (2020). The Impacts of Aging, Income and Urbanization on Health Expenditures: A Panel Regression Analysis for OECD Countries. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 18(1), 1-9.
  • Çetin, M. A. and Bakırtaş, İ. (2019). Does Urbanization Induce The Health Expenditures? A Dynamic Macro-Panel Analysis for Developing Countries. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 61, 208-222.
  • Ecevit, E., Çetin, M. ve Yücel, A. G. (2018). Türki Cumhuriyetlerinde Sağlık Harcamalarının Belirleyicileri: Bir Panel Veri Analizi. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi, 10(19), 318-334.
  • Erçelik, G. (2018). The Relationship Between Health Expenditure and Economic Growth in Turkey from 1980 to 2015. Journal of Politics, 1(1), 1–8.
  • Erdil, E. and Yetkiner, I. H. (2009). The Granger-Causality Between Health Care Expenditure and Output: A Panel Data Approach. Applied Economics, 41(4), 511-518.
  • EC (2020). The Future of Cities, Trends and Drives. Access address: https://urban.jrc.ec.europa.eu/thefutureofcities/urbanisation #the-chapter
  • Fatima, N. and Sahibzada, A. (2012). Empirical Evidence of Fisher Effect in Pakistan. World Applied Sciences Journal, 18(6), 770-773.
  • Feng, J., Lou, P. and Yu, Y. (2015). Health Care Expenditure over Life Cycle in the People’s Republic of China. Asian Development Review, 32(1), 167-195.
  • Flies, E.J., Skelly, C., Negi, S.S., Prabhakaran, P., Liu, Q., Liu, K., and Weinstein, P. (2017). Biodiverse Green Spaces: A Prescription for Global Urban Health. Frontiers in Ecology and The Environment, 15(9), 510-516.
  • Freudenberg, N., Galea, S. and Vlahov, D. (2006). Changing Living Conditions; Changing Health US Cities since World War II. In Cities and the Health of the Public (pp. 19-45). Vanderbilt University Press.
  • Galea, S., Freudenberg, N. and Vlahov, D. (2005). Cities and Population Health. Social Science ve Medicine, 60(5), 1017-1033.
  • Gerdtham, U. G. and Jönsson, B. (2000). International Comparisons of Health Expenditure: Theory, Data and Econometric Analysis. In Handbook of Health Economics (Vol. 1, pp. 11-53). Elsevier.
  • Hall, R. E. and Jones, C. I. (2007). The Value of Life and the Rise in Health Spending. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122 (1), 39-72.
  • Hoffmann, B. (2019). Air Pollution in Cities: Urban And Transport Planning Determinants And Health in Cities. In Integrating Human Health into Urban and Transport Planning (pp. 425-441). Springer, Cham.
  • Jerrett, M., Eyles, J., Dufournaud, C. and Birch, S. (2003). Environmental influences on healthcare expenditures: an exploratory analysis from Ontario, Canada. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 57(5), 334-338.
  • Kılıç, C. and Kurt, Ü. (2020). Kentleşmenin Sağlık Harcamaları Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye İçin ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(21), 290-305.
  • King, G., Flisher, A. J., Mallett, R., Graham, J., Lombard, C., and Rawson, T. (2003). Smoking in Cape Town: Community İnfluences On Adolescent Tobacco Use. Preventive Medicine, 36(1), 114–123.
  • Maqin, R. A. and Sidharta, I. (2017). The Relationship of Economic Growth With Human Development And Electricity Consumption in Indonesia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7(3), 201-207.
  • McDade, T. W. and Adair, L. S. (2001). Defining the ‘Urban’ in Urbanization and Health: A Factor Analysis Approach. Social Science ve Medicine, 53, 55-70.
  • McNeill, J. R. (2000). Something New Under The Sun: An Environmental History of The Twentieth Century. New York: Norton.
  • Moore, M., Gould, P. and Keary, B. S. (2003). Global Urbanization and Impact on Health. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 206, 269-278.
  • Newhouse, J. P. (1977). Medical-Care Expenditure: A Cross-National Survey. The Journal of Human Resources, 12(1), 115-125.
  • Nordin, N. B., Nordin, N. B., Zainudin, N. B. and Yasin, N. H. B. M. (2017). Effects of Rural And Urban Population on Health Care Expenditure: Case of China And India. In Proceedings of International Conference on Economics (ICE 2017), 286-299.
  • OECD (2006). Projecting OECD Health And Long-Term Care Expenditures: What are The Main Drivers?. OECD Publishing.
  • OECD (2012). OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction. OECD Publishing.
  • Öztürk, Ş. (2008). Kırsal Yoksulluk ve Neo-Liberal Ekonomi Politikaları. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(5), 605-634.
  • Paleologos, J. M. and Georgantelis, S. E. (1996). Does The Fisher Effect Apply in Greece? A Cointegration Analysis. International Conference in Quantitative Analysis in the University of Piraeus (Piraeus-Greece, 7-9 November, 1996).
  • Richmond, A. K. and Kaufmann, R. K. (2006). Is There A Turning Point In The Relationship Between Income and Energy Use and/Or Carbon Emissions?. Ecological Economics, 56(2), 176-189.
  • Ritchie, H. and Roser, M. (2018). Urbanization. Our world in Data. Access address: https://ourworldindata.org/urbanization?fbclid=IwAR1g1kuapSWM-do3UxigkoqzCUAsqBTFdpLW_IXOCSMHTDdClS2c2RyUNnc Samadi, A. and Rad, E. H. (2013). Determinants of Healthcare Expenditure in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Countries: Evidence from Panel Cointegration Tests. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 1(1), 63-68.
  • Shahbaz, M., Sbia, R., Hamdi, H. and Ozturk, I. (2014). Economic Growth, Electricity Consumption, Urbanization and Environmental Degradation Relationship in United Arab Emirates. Ecological Indicators, 45, 622-631.
  • Sülkü, S. N. and Caner, A. (2011). Health Care Expenditures And Gross Domestic Product: The Turkish case. The European Journal of Health Economics, 12(1), 29-38.
  • Tutar, F. and Kılınç, N. (2007). Türkiye’nin Sağlık Sektöründeki Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Potansiyeli ve Farklı Ülke Örnekleriyle Mukayesesi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), 31-54.
  • UN (2018). World Urbanization Prospects: Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division, The 2018 Revision, Online Edition. Access address: https://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/
  • UNEP (2002). Global Environmental Outlook-3: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives. Earthscan, London
  • Van den Bosch, M. and Sang, Å. O. (2017). Urban Natural Environments as Nature-Based Solutions for Improved Public Health–A Systematic Review of Reviews. Environmental Research, 158, 373-384.
  • Van Kamp I, Babisch W. and Brown A. L. (2012). Environmental Noise And Health. In The Praeger Handbook of Environmental Health. Vol I: Foundations of the Field (Friis RH, ed). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 69–93.
  • Vlahov, D., Freudenberg, N., Proietti, F., Ompad, D., Quinn, A., Nandi, V. and Galea, S. (2007). Urban As A Determinant Of Health. Journal of Urban Health, 84(1), 16-26.
  • Wang, M., Cave, B., Kock, R. and Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2016). Healthy Planet Healthy People. UNEP/UNECE 2016. GEO-6 Assessment for the pan-European region. United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • Wang, Z. (2009). The Convergence of Health Care Expenditure in The US States. Health Economics, 18(1), 55-70.
  • Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J. and Newell, J. P. (2014). Urban Green Space, Public Health, And Environmental Justice: The Challenge of Making Cities ‘Just Green Enough. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 234-244.
  • World Bank-WB (2020). Urban Development, Overview. Access address: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview
  • Yang, X. (2019). Health Expenditure, Human Capital, And Economic Growth: An Empirical Study Of Developing Countries. International Journal of Health Economics and Management, 1-14.
  • Yaya, K. (2015). Testing the Long Run Fisher Effect in Selected African Countries: Evidence from ARDL Bounds Test. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(12), 168-175. Yıldırım, K. (2019). Assessing Capacity of Urban Climate Governance: A Case from Turkish Metropolitan Municipalities. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 14(2), 299-338.
  • Yıldırım, K. and Önder, M. (2019). Collaborative Role of Metropolitan Municipalities in Local Climate Protection Governance Strategies: The Case of Turkish Metropolitan Cities. Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 21(2), 1950006.
  • Ziraba, A. K., Haregu, T. N. and Mberu, B. (2016). A Review and Framework for Understanding The Potential Impact of Poor Solid Waste Management on Health in Developing Countries. Archives of Public Health, 74(1), 1-11.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics, Urban Policy
Journal Section RESEARCH ARTICLES
Authors

Mustafa Şit 0000-0001-9694-0547

Korkmaz Yıldırım 0000-0001-5427-5075

Haydar Karadağ 0000-0003-2398-7314

Publication Date October 10, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Şit, M., Yıldırım, K., & Karadağ, H. (2022). TÜRKİYE’DE KENTLEŞME VE EKONOMİK BİLEŞENLERİNİN TOPLUM SAĞLIĞI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: 2014-2018 PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ / The Impacts Of Urbanization And Economic Components On Public Health In Turkey: 2014-2018 Panel Data Analysis. Uluslararası Ekonomi İşletme Ve Politika Dergisi, 6(2), 317-337. https://doi.org/10.29216/ueip.1131717

Recep Tayyip Erdogan University
Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences
Department of Economics
RIZE / TURKEY