Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Slovakya ve Avusturya’da Covid-19 ile Mücadele: Türkiye için ve Türkiye’den Dersler

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 1 - 20, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.34232/pjess.1258378

Abstract

Küresel bir mücadeleyi zorunlu kılan COVID-19 Pandemisi, ülkelerde bir belirsizlik dönemini başlatmıştır. Mevcut belirsiz durum, Pandemi ile mücadelede hangi politikaların uygulanması gerektiği konusundaki tartışmaları hızlandırdı. COVID-19 salgınını yavaşlatmak ve önlemek için farklı ülkelerde farklı politikalar uygulandı. Ulusal politikaların etkinliği değerlendirilirken başarılı örneklerden dersler çıkarılması ve benimsenmesi kritik hale geldi. Öte yandan, politika başarısızlıkları yoluyla da politikalar gözden geçirilebilir. Bu çalışma kapsamında Orta Avrupa'da Pandemi ile mücadelede başarılı olan Avusturya ve Slovakya üzerine bir vaka çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu örneklerden çıkarılacak derslerin bir kısmı Türkiye'nin Pandemi ile mücadelesine katkı sağlayacaktır. Böylece Türkiye'de uygulanabilecek politika önerileri irdelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda Avusturya, Slovakya ve Türkiye'nin COVID-19'a yönelik politikaları farklı politika alanları çerçevesinde değerlendirilerek Türkiye adına politika önerileri geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. İlk olarak, bu çalışmada politika transferi ve ders çıkarma yoluyla teorik çerçeve tartışılmıştır. Ardından Avusturya ve Slovakya'nın COVID-19 ile mücadele politikaları incelenmiş ve Türkiye için bazı öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Pandemi sürecinde ders çıkarmanın ülkelere verimli ve işlevsel sağlayacağını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu şekilde politika uygulamaları incelenmiş, Türkiye için ve Türkiye'den politika önerileri sunulmaya çalışılmıştır.

References

  • Bahna, M., Klobucký, R., Mrva, M., & Zagrapan, J. (2020). Slovakia during the Pandemic: The first three months. Working Papers in Sociology, 1, 1-49.
  • Bakir, C. (2020) The Turkish state's responses to existential COVID-19 crisis. Policy and Society, 39(3), 424-441. doi: 10.1080/14494035.2020.1783786.
  • Bakırcı, F. (2013). On the Austrian Parliament. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University Journal of Faculty of Law Review, 17(2), 1181-1242.
  • Bi-Team (2020). How Slovakia tested its whole population. https://www.bi.team/wp- content/uploads/2020/11/Slovakia-COVID-19-Popula. [Access Date: 10.09.2020].
  • Bundesministerium für Digitalisierung und Wirtschaftsstandort (2021). https://www.bmdw.gv.at/Themen/International/Covid-19/Unterstuetzung-fuer- Unternehmen.html. [accessed: 17.01.2021].
  • Busvine, D. (2020). Switzerland, Austria align with ‘Gapple’ on corona contact tracing. Discover Thomson Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-europe-tech- idUSL3N2CA36L. [Access Date: 15.01.2021].
  • Canşen, F (2020). Köln. https://t24.com.tr/video/finlandiya-koronavirus-salgininda-nasil- basarili-oldu, 33918. [accessed: 11.09.2020].
  • Capano, G., Howlett M., Jarvis, D. S. L., Ramesh, M., & Goyal N. (2020). Mobilizing Policy (In) Capacity to Fight COVID-19: Understanding Variations in State Responses. Policy and Society, 39(3), 285-308, doi: 10.1080/14494035.2020.1787628
  • Čiefová, M. (2020). Slovakia socialbriefing: Education challenges in the time of Pandemic. Chine CEE Institute, 29(3), 1-5.
  • Çınar, M. (2018). Ideal of constitutional democracy of the founding philosophy of Turkish Republic. Toros University FEAS Journal of Social Sciences. 5(9), 271-288.
  • Desson, Z., Lambertz, L., Peters, J.W., Falkenbach, M. & Kauer, L. (2020). Europe’s covid-19 outliers: German, Austrian and Swiss policy responses during the early stages of the 2020 pandemic. Health Policy and Technology. 9(2020), 405-418.
  • Demirkan, T. (2021). Slovakya AB'den acil yardım talep etti: Vakalardaki artışla baş edemiyoruz (Slovakia asks EU for emergency aid: we can't cope with increase in cases), BBC. (2021 February 18) https://www.bbc.com/turkce/live/56108369 [Access Date: 02.05.2021].
  • Dolowitz, D. P. (2003). A policy-maker’s guide to policy transfer. The Political Quarterly, 74(1), 101-108.
  • Dolowitz, D. (2017). Transfer and learning: One coin two elements. Novos estudos CEBRAP. 36(1), 35-56.
  • Dolowitz, D. & Marsh, D. (1996). Who learns what from whom: A review of the policy transfer literatüre. Political Studies. XLIV, 343-357.
  • Donicova, V. (2020). How Slovakia is handling the outbreak?. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 14(4), 729- The Fight Against Covid-19 in Slovakia and Austria: Lessons for and from Türkiye. 730. doi: 10.1177/1932296820930269.
  • Dorn, F., Fuest, C., Göttert, M., Krolage, C., Lautenbacher, S., Lehmann, R., Link, S., Möhrle, S., Peichl, A., Reif, M., Sauer, S., Stöckli, M., Wohlrabe, K., & Wollmershäuser, T. (2020). The economic costs of the coronavirus shutdown for selected european countries: A scenario calculation. EconPol Policy Brief, No. 25. Munich: ifo Institute-Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
  • Ebner, M., Schön, S., Braun, C., Ebner, M., Grigoriadis, Y., Haas, M., Leitner, P., & Taraghi B. (2020). Covid-19 epidemic as e-learning boost? Chronological development and effects at an Austrian university against the background of the concept of “E-learning readiness”. Future Internet. 12(94), 1-20.
  • Escarus (2020). Bir eko-sosyal kriz olarak Covid-19 salgını ve sürdürülebilirlik (Covid-19 pandemic as an eco-social crisis and sustainability). http://www.escarus.com/i/content/512_2_Escarus_Bir_Eko-Sosyal_Kriz_Olarak_Covid- 19_Salgini_ve_Surdurulebilirlik_052020.pdf. [Access Date: 02.10.2020].
  • Euromil (2020). How armed forces are dealing with the Covid. At http://euromil.org/wp- content/uploads/2020/04/COVİD19_ZVSR.pdf. [Access Date: 08.09.2020].
  • Euronews (2020). Slovakya, halkın tamamının Covid-19 testi yaptırdığı ilk ülke olma yolunda. https://tr.euronews.com/2020/11/01/slovakya-halk-n-tamam-n-n-Covid-19-testi-yapt-rd- g-ilk-ulke-olma-yolunda. [Access Date: 05.09.2020].
  • Evans, M., & Davies, J. (1999). Understanding policy transfer: A multi-level. Multi-disciplinary perspective. Public Administration. 77(2), 361-385.
  • Fechner, I. (2020). Austria’s Covid-19 exit strategy. ING Think Economic and Financial Analysis Global Economics. 1-3.
  • Fenz, G., Ragacs, C., Schneider, M., & Vondra, K. (2020). Covid-19-induced recession: biggest economic policy challenge for Austria in the “second republic”. Monetary Policy and The Economy Q1–Q2/20. 213-250.
  • Fouda, A., Mahmoudi, N., Moy, N., & Paolucci, F. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece, Iceland, New Zealand, and Singapore: Health policies and lessons learned. Health Policy and Technology. 9(2020). 510-524.
  • FRA (2020). Coronavirus Covid-19 outbreak in the EU fundamental rights implications. https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/slovakia-report-Covid-19-april- 2020_en.pdf. [accessed: 10.09.2020].
  • Geržová, S. R., Grigeľ, D., Mikušová, J., Lenzová, Z., Luhová, D., Antal, M., & Dalimír Jančovič (2020). Corona and Covid-19 legal handbook Slovakia. Futej ve Partners Law Firm.
  • Grin, J., & Loeber, A. (2007). Theories of policy learning: Agency, structure, and change. Ed. F. Fischer, G. J. Miller and M. S. Sidney, eds., Handbook of public policy analysis: Theory, politics, and methods. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  • Holt, E. (2020). Slovakia to test all adults for SARS-CoV-2. The lancet Journals, 396(31), 1386-1387. ILO (2020). https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/regional-country/country-responses/lang- -en/index.htm#TR. [accessed: 12.10.2020].
  • Insamer (2020). Slovakya (Slovakia). https://insamer.com/tr/slovakya_3039.html. [Access Date: 10.09.2020]. IOM (2021). Covid-19: Official measures and important information (updated continually). https://www.mic.iom.sk/en/news/637-Covid-19-measures.html. [Access Date: 15.01.2021].
  • Iuslaboris (2021). Extended Covid-19 economic measures in Slovakia: What do employers need to know?. https://iuslaboris.com/insights/extended-Covid-19-economic-measures-in- slovakia-what-do-employers-need-to-know/. [accessed: 18.12.2020].
  • James, O., & Lodge, M. (2003). The limitations of ‘policy transfer’ and ‘lesson drawing’ for public policy research. Political Studies Review. 1, 179-193.
  • Karadağ, G. (2018). Genç gazeteci Kuciak’ın öldürülmesinden sonra Slovakya’da artık hiçbir şey eskisi gibi değil. https://medyascope.tv/2018/03/03/genc-gazeteci-kuciakin- oldurulmesinden-sonra-slovakyada-artik-hicbir-sey-eskisi-gibi-degil/ . [accessed: 10.09.2020].
  • Keskin, K. (2020). Yeni normal ve Avusturya’nın koronadan çıkış stratejisi (New normal and Austria’s corona exit strategy). SETAV, https://www.setav.org/odak-yeni-normal-ve-avusturyanin- koronadan-cikis-stratejisi/. [accessed: 18.01.2021].
  • Khaleghi, A., Mohammadi, M. R., Jahromi, G. P., & Zarafshan, H. (2020). New ways to manage pandemics: Using technologies in the era of Covid-19: A narrative review, Iran J Psychiatry, 15(3), 236-242. Khanec, M. & Martišková, M. (2020). Crisis response monitoring. https://Covid-19.iza.org/crisis- monitor/slovakia/. [accessed: 18.12.2020].
  • Klimovský, D, & Nemec, J. (2020). The impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic and responses from various policy actors in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 2020: An introduction to a special issue. Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice. Series D: Faculty of Economics and Administration 2021. 29(1), 1-10.
  • Kreidl, P., Schmid, D., Maritschnik, S., Richter, L., Borena, W., Genger, JW., Popa, A., Penz, T., Bock, C., Bergthaler, A., & Allerberger, F. (2020). Emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Austria. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 132, 645–652. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01723-9.
  • Krizan, V. (2020). COVID-19 and labour law: Slovakia. Italian Labour Law e-Journal Special. 1(13), 1-9. Korona.gov.sk (2020). Adopted measures. https://korona.gov.sk/en/adopted-measures/. [accessed: 15.10.2020].
  • Kronblad, C., & Pregmark, J. E. (2021). How COVID-19 has changed the digital trajectory for professional advisory firms. Ed. Jungwoo Lee & Spring H. Han, The future of service Post- COVID-19 pandemic, Volume 1, Singapore: Springer, 101-122.
  • Kufelová, I., & Raková, M. (2020). Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the automotive industry in Slovakia and selected countries. SHS Web of Conferences, 83. 01040, 1-8.
  • Marušiak, J. (2012). The political system in the Slovak Republic. Gizicki, W. Ed. Political Systems of Visegrad Group Countries. Trnava - Lublin: University of Ss Cyril and Methodius in Trnava. 107-148.
  • Mbunge, E. (2020). Integrating emerging technologies into Covid-19 contact tracing: Opportunities, challenges and pitfalls. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews. 1631-1636. Mikušková, B. E., & Verešová, M. (2020). Distance education during Covid-19: The perspective of Slovak teachers. Problems of Education in The 21st Century. 78(6). 884- 906.
  • Moshammer, H., Poteser, M., Lemmerer, K., Wallner, P., & Hutter, H. P. (2020). Time course of Covid-19 cases in Austria. International Journal of Environmental Reserach and Public Health. 17(9), 1-10.
  • Mossberger K., & Wolman, H. (2003). Policy transfer as a form of prospective policy evaluation: Challenges and recomendations. Public administration review. 63(4), 428-440.
  • Müller, M. (2020). The start of the Austrian response to the Covid-19 crisis: A personal account. Wien Klin Wochenschr. The Central Europan Journal of Medicine. 353-355. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01693-y.
  • Nemec, J. (2020). Government transition in the time of the Covid-19 crisis: Slovak case. International Journal of Public Leadership, 17(1), 7-12.
  • New18 (2020). Million line up as Slovakia launches unique nationwide Covid-19 test. https://www.news18.com/news/world/million-line-up-as-slovakia-launches-unique- nationwide-Covid-19-test-3029480.html. [accessed: 15.10.2020].
  • OECD (2020). School education during Covid-19 were teachers and students ready?. Austria Country Note. 1-9. OWD (Our World in Data) (2021). COVID-19 Vaccinations in the World. https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations [Access Date: 20.05.2021].
  • Pavelka, M., Van-Zandvoort, K., Abbott, S., Sherratt, K., Majdan, M., CMMID COVİD-19 working group, Jarčuška, P., Krajčí, M., Flasche,S., & Funk, S. (2020). The effectiveness of population-wide, rapid antigen test-basedscreening in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in Slovakia. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.20240648v1.full.pdf [Access Date: 15.10.2020].
  • Pellert, M., Lasser, J., Metzler, H., & Garcia, D. (2020). Dashboard of sentiment in Austrian social media during COVID-19. Frontiers Big Data. 3(32), 1-9.
  • Simon, J., Helter, TM., White, RG., van der Boor, C., & Łaszewska, A (2021). Impacts of the Covid-19 lockdown and relevant vulnerabilities on capability well-being, mental health and social support: an Austrian survey study. BMC Public Health. 21(314), 1-12. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10351-5.
  • Slovakia, Law No. 355/2007 Coll on protection of public health as amended, 21 June 2007. Para. 56(2). https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2007-355. [accessed: 15.10.2020].
  • Slovakia, Ministry of Health Care (ministerstvo zdravotníctva SR). (2020). Tlačová správa: Covid- 19: Zákaz návštev nemocníc, domovov sociálnych služieb. [accessed: 06.03.2020].
  • Soong-Chul, R., Zhigang, Z., Niharika, D., & Renan, C. (2021). Technology and innovation to weather the storm? - A case study of the role of technology and innovation for startup survival in Shanghai, China, Ed. Jungwoo Lee & Spring H. Han. The Future of Service Post-COVID-19 Pandemic, Singapore: Springer, Volume 1, 155-176.
  • Spear, R., Erdi, G., Parker, M., & Anastasiadis, M. (2020). Innovations in citizen response to crises: Volunteerism and social mobilization during Covid-19. A Journal for and About Social Movements. Hal Archives Ouvertes, 383-391.
  • Szabo, M. (2020). Slovakia Braces for Schools Reopening Amid Rise in Covid-19 Cases. https://kafkadesk.org/2020/08/14/slovakia-braces-for-schools-reopening-amid-rise-in- Covid-19-cases/ [Access Date: 18.12.2020].
  • Taxand (2020). Covid-19 Measures–Slovakia. https://www.taxand.com/wp- content/uploads/2020/04/COVİD_19_SLOVAKIA_31March.pdf [Access Date: 15.10.2020]. Tengler, K., Schrammel, N., & Brandhofer, G. (2020). Learning despite corona at Austrian - primary schools. Proceedings of ICERI2020 Conference. 7607-7615.
  • The World Bank (2021). Country Indicators. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD [Access Date: 02.05.2021].
  • Ticaret Bakanlığı (2020). Covid-19 Gelişmeleri. https://ticaret.gov.tr/yurtdisi- teskilati/avrupa/slovakya/ulke-profili/kovid-19-gelismeleri. [Access Date: 15.10.2020].
  • Walker, S., & Smith, H. (2020). Why has eastern europe suffered less from coronavirus than the west?, The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/05/why-has-eastern- europe-suffered-less-from-coronavirus-than-the-west [Access Date: 15.10.2020].
  • Wintle, T. (2020). Austria Declares ‘Second Wave’, Paused Vaccine Trial Resumes: Covid-19 Daily Bulletin, https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2020-09-13/Austrian-second-wave-vaccine-trial- resumes-COVİD-19-Daily-Bulletin-TKJMwjpHry/index.html. [Access Date: 18.01.2021].
  • WHO-World Health Organization (2021a). Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Outbreak Situation. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 [Access Date: 04.09.2020].
  • WHO-World Health Organization (2021b). COVID-19 Tracking Table, https://Covid19.who.int/. [Access Date: 18.01.2021].
  • Worldometers (2021). World Population and Number Of COVID-19 Cases By Country, https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-country/ [Access Date: 21.02.2021]. 21 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=BundesnormenandGesetzesnummer =20011073 [Access Date: 17.01.2021].
  • https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=BundesnormenandGesetzesnummer =10010265 [Access Date: 17.01.2021].

The Fight Against Covid-19 in Slovakia and Austria: Lessons for and from Turkey

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 1 - 20, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.34232/pjess.1258378

Abstract

The COVID-19 Pandemic, which has necessitated a global struggle, started a period of uncertainty in countries. The current uncertain situation has precipitated discussions on which policies should be implemented in combating the Pandemic. Different policies have been implemented in different countries to slow and prevent the COVID-19 epidemic. While evaluating the effectiveness of national policies, drawing lessons from successful examples, and adopting them has become critical. On the other hand, policies can also be reviewed through policy failures. Within this study’s scope, a case study was conducted on Austria and Slovakia, which have both been successful in Central Europe in combating the Pandemic. Some of the lessons from these examples will contribute to Turkey’s fight against the Pandemic. Thus, policy recommendations that can be adopted in Turkey have been scrutinized. In this context, Austria’s, Slovakia’s, and Turkey’s policies against COVID-19 were evaluated within the framework of different policy areas, and policy proposals were sought to be developed on Turkey’s behalf. Firstly, the theoretical framework was discussed in this study through policy transfer and lesson-drawing. Then, Austria’s and Slovakia’s anti-COVID-19 policies were examined, and some recommendations were developed for Turkey. This study reveals that lesson-drawing in the Pandemic process will provide countries with efficient and functional. In this way, policy practices were examined, try to provide policy recommendations for and from Turkey.

References

  • Bahna, M., Klobucký, R., Mrva, M., & Zagrapan, J. (2020). Slovakia during the Pandemic: The first three months. Working Papers in Sociology, 1, 1-49.
  • Bakir, C. (2020) The Turkish state's responses to existential COVID-19 crisis. Policy and Society, 39(3), 424-441. doi: 10.1080/14494035.2020.1783786.
  • Bakırcı, F. (2013). On the Austrian Parliament. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University Journal of Faculty of Law Review, 17(2), 1181-1242.
  • Bi-Team (2020). How Slovakia tested its whole population. https://www.bi.team/wp- content/uploads/2020/11/Slovakia-COVID-19-Popula. [Access Date: 10.09.2020].
  • Bundesministerium für Digitalisierung und Wirtschaftsstandort (2021). https://www.bmdw.gv.at/Themen/International/Covid-19/Unterstuetzung-fuer- Unternehmen.html. [accessed: 17.01.2021].
  • Busvine, D. (2020). Switzerland, Austria align with ‘Gapple’ on corona contact tracing. Discover Thomson Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-europe-tech- idUSL3N2CA36L. [Access Date: 15.01.2021].
  • Canşen, F (2020). Köln. https://t24.com.tr/video/finlandiya-koronavirus-salgininda-nasil- basarili-oldu, 33918. [accessed: 11.09.2020].
  • Capano, G., Howlett M., Jarvis, D. S. L., Ramesh, M., & Goyal N. (2020). Mobilizing Policy (In) Capacity to Fight COVID-19: Understanding Variations in State Responses. Policy and Society, 39(3), 285-308, doi: 10.1080/14494035.2020.1787628
  • Čiefová, M. (2020). Slovakia socialbriefing: Education challenges in the time of Pandemic. Chine CEE Institute, 29(3), 1-5.
  • Çınar, M. (2018). Ideal of constitutional democracy of the founding philosophy of Turkish Republic. Toros University FEAS Journal of Social Sciences. 5(9), 271-288.
  • Desson, Z., Lambertz, L., Peters, J.W., Falkenbach, M. & Kauer, L. (2020). Europe’s covid-19 outliers: German, Austrian and Swiss policy responses during the early stages of the 2020 pandemic. Health Policy and Technology. 9(2020), 405-418.
  • Demirkan, T. (2021). Slovakya AB'den acil yardım talep etti: Vakalardaki artışla baş edemiyoruz (Slovakia asks EU for emergency aid: we can't cope with increase in cases), BBC. (2021 February 18) https://www.bbc.com/turkce/live/56108369 [Access Date: 02.05.2021].
  • Dolowitz, D. P. (2003). A policy-maker’s guide to policy transfer. The Political Quarterly, 74(1), 101-108.
  • Dolowitz, D. (2017). Transfer and learning: One coin two elements. Novos estudos CEBRAP. 36(1), 35-56.
  • Dolowitz, D. & Marsh, D. (1996). Who learns what from whom: A review of the policy transfer literatüre. Political Studies. XLIV, 343-357.
  • Donicova, V. (2020). How Slovakia is handling the outbreak?. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 14(4), 729- The Fight Against Covid-19 in Slovakia and Austria: Lessons for and from Türkiye. 730. doi: 10.1177/1932296820930269.
  • Dorn, F., Fuest, C., Göttert, M., Krolage, C., Lautenbacher, S., Lehmann, R., Link, S., Möhrle, S., Peichl, A., Reif, M., Sauer, S., Stöckli, M., Wohlrabe, K., & Wollmershäuser, T. (2020). The economic costs of the coronavirus shutdown for selected european countries: A scenario calculation. EconPol Policy Brief, No. 25. Munich: ifo Institute-Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich.
  • Ebner, M., Schön, S., Braun, C., Ebner, M., Grigoriadis, Y., Haas, M., Leitner, P., & Taraghi B. (2020). Covid-19 epidemic as e-learning boost? Chronological development and effects at an Austrian university against the background of the concept of “E-learning readiness”. Future Internet. 12(94), 1-20.
  • Escarus (2020). Bir eko-sosyal kriz olarak Covid-19 salgını ve sürdürülebilirlik (Covid-19 pandemic as an eco-social crisis and sustainability). http://www.escarus.com/i/content/512_2_Escarus_Bir_Eko-Sosyal_Kriz_Olarak_Covid- 19_Salgini_ve_Surdurulebilirlik_052020.pdf. [Access Date: 02.10.2020].
  • Euromil (2020). How armed forces are dealing with the Covid. At http://euromil.org/wp- content/uploads/2020/04/COVİD19_ZVSR.pdf. [Access Date: 08.09.2020].
  • Euronews (2020). Slovakya, halkın tamamının Covid-19 testi yaptırdığı ilk ülke olma yolunda. https://tr.euronews.com/2020/11/01/slovakya-halk-n-tamam-n-n-Covid-19-testi-yapt-rd- g-ilk-ulke-olma-yolunda. [Access Date: 05.09.2020].
  • Evans, M., & Davies, J. (1999). Understanding policy transfer: A multi-level. Multi-disciplinary perspective. Public Administration. 77(2), 361-385.
  • Fechner, I. (2020). Austria’s Covid-19 exit strategy. ING Think Economic and Financial Analysis Global Economics. 1-3.
  • Fenz, G., Ragacs, C., Schneider, M., & Vondra, K. (2020). Covid-19-induced recession: biggest economic policy challenge for Austria in the “second republic”. Monetary Policy and The Economy Q1–Q2/20. 213-250.
  • Fouda, A., Mahmoudi, N., Moy, N., & Paolucci, F. (2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece, Iceland, New Zealand, and Singapore: Health policies and lessons learned. Health Policy and Technology. 9(2020). 510-524.
  • FRA (2020). Coronavirus Covid-19 outbreak in the EU fundamental rights implications. https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra_uploads/slovakia-report-Covid-19-april- 2020_en.pdf. [accessed: 10.09.2020].
  • Geržová, S. R., Grigeľ, D., Mikušová, J., Lenzová, Z., Luhová, D., Antal, M., & Dalimír Jančovič (2020). Corona and Covid-19 legal handbook Slovakia. Futej ve Partners Law Firm.
  • Grin, J., & Loeber, A. (2007). Theories of policy learning: Agency, structure, and change. Ed. F. Fischer, G. J. Miller and M. S. Sidney, eds., Handbook of public policy analysis: Theory, politics, and methods. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
  • Holt, E. (2020). Slovakia to test all adults for SARS-CoV-2. The lancet Journals, 396(31), 1386-1387. ILO (2020). https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/regional-country/country-responses/lang- -en/index.htm#TR. [accessed: 12.10.2020].
  • Insamer (2020). Slovakya (Slovakia). https://insamer.com/tr/slovakya_3039.html. [Access Date: 10.09.2020]. IOM (2021). Covid-19: Official measures and important information (updated continually). https://www.mic.iom.sk/en/news/637-Covid-19-measures.html. [Access Date: 15.01.2021].
  • Iuslaboris (2021). Extended Covid-19 economic measures in Slovakia: What do employers need to know?. https://iuslaboris.com/insights/extended-Covid-19-economic-measures-in- slovakia-what-do-employers-need-to-know/. [accessed: 18.12.2020].
  • James, O., & Lodge, M. (2003). The limitations of ‘policy transfer’ and ‘lesson drawing’ for public policy research. Political Studies Review. 1, 179-193.
  • Karadağ, G. (2018). Genç gazeteci Kuciak’ın öldürülmesinden sonra Slovakya’da artık hiçbir şey eskisi gibi değil. https://medyascope.tv/2018/03/03/genc-gazeteci-kuciakin- oldurulmesinden-sonra-slovakyada-artik-hicbir-sey-eskisi-gibi-degil/ . [accessed: 10.09.2020].
  • Keskin, K. (2020). Yeni normal ve Avusturya’nın koronadan çıkış stratejisi (New normal and Austria’s corona exit strategy). SETAV, https://www.setav.org/odak-yeni-normal-ve-avusturyanin- koronadan-cikis-stratejisi/. [accessed: 18.01.2021].
  • Khaleghi, A., Mohammadi, M. R., Jahromi, G. P., & Zarafshan, H. (2020). New ways to manage pandemics: Using technologies in the era of Covid-19: A narrative review, Iran J Psychiatry, 15(3), 236-242. Khanec, M. & Martišková, M. (2020). Crisis response monitoring. https://Covid-19.iza.org/crisis- monitor/slovakia/. [accessed: 18.12.2020].
  • Klimovský, D, & Nemec, J. (2020). The impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic and responses from various policy actors in the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 2020: An introduction to a special issue. Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice. Series D: Faculty of Economics and Administration 2021. 29(1), 1-10.
  • Kreidl, P., Schmid, D., Maritschnik, S., Richter, L., Borena, W., Genger, JW., Popa, A., Penz, T., Bock, C., Bergthaler, A., & Allerberger, F. (2020). Emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Austria. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 132, 645–652. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01723-9.
  • Krizan, V. (2020). COVID-19 and labour law: Slovakia. Italian Labour Law e-Journal Special. 1(13), 1-9. Korona.gov.sk (2020). Adopted measures. https://korona.gov.sk/en/adopted-measures/. [accessed: 15.10.2020].
  • Kronblad, C., & Pregmark, J. E. (2021). How COVID-19 has changed the digital trajectory for professional advisory firms. Ed. Jungwoo Lee & Spring H. Han, The future of service Post- COVID-19 pandemic, Volume 1, Singapore: Springer, 101-122.
  • Kufelová, I., & Raková, M. (2020). Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the automotive industry in Slovakia and selected countries. SHS Web of Conferences, 83. 01040, 1-8.
  • Marušiak, J. (2012). The political system in the Slovak Republic. Gizicki, W. Ed. Political Systems of Visegrad Group Countries. Trnava - Lublin: University of Ss Cyril and Methodius in Trnava. 107-148.
  • Mbunge, E. (2020). Integrating emerging technologies into Covid-19 contact tracing: Opportunities, challenges and pitfalls. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews. 1631-1636. Mikušková, B. E., & Verešová, M. (2020). Distance education during Covid-19: The perspective of Slovak teachers. Problems of Education in The 21st Century. 78(6). 884- 906.
  • Moshammer, H., Poteser, M., Lemmerer, K., Wallner, P., & Hutter, H. P. (2020). Time course of Covid-19 cases in Austria. International Journal of Environmental Reserach and Public Health. 17(9), 1-10.
  • Mossberger K., & Wolman, H. (2003). Policy transfer as a form of prospective policy evaluation: Challenges and recomendations. Public administration review. 63(4), 428-440.
  • Müller, M. (2020). The start of the Austrian response to the Covid-19 crisis: A personal account. Wien Klin Wochenschr. The Central Europan Journal of Medicine. 353-355. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01693-y.
  • Nemec, J. (2020). Government transition in the time of the Covid-19 crisis: Slovak case. International Journal of Public Leadership, 17(1), 7-12.
  • New18 (2020). Million line up as Slovakia launches unique nationwide Covid-19 test. https://www.news18.com/news/world/million-line-up-as-slovakia-launches-unique- nationwide-Covid-19-test-3029480.html. [accessed: 15.10.2020].
  • OECD (2020). School education during Covid-19 were teachers and students ready?. Austria Country Note. 1-9. OWD (Our World in Data) (2021). COVID-19 Vaccinations in the World. https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations [Access Date: 20.05.2021].
  • Pavelka, M., Van-Zandvoort, K., Abbott, S., Sherratt, K., Majdan, M., CMMID COVİD-19 working group, Jarčuška, P., Krajčí, M., Flasche,S., & Funk, S. (2020). The effectiveness of population-wide, rapid antigen test-basedscreening in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in Slovakia. https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.02.20240648v1.full.pdf [Access Date: 15.10.2020].
  • Pellert, M., Lasser, J., Metzler, H., & Garcia, D. (2020). Dashboard of sentiment in Austrian social media during COVID-19. Frontiers Big Data. 3(32), 1-9.
  • Simon, J., Helter, TM., White, RG., van der Boor, C., & Łaszewska, A (2021). Impacts of the Covid-19 lockdown and relevant vulnerabilities on capability well-being, mental health and social support: an Austrian survey study. BMC Public Health. 21(314), 1-12. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-10351-5.
  • Slovakia, Law No. 355/2007 Coll on protection of public health as amended, 21 June 2007. Para. 56(2). https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2007-355. [accessed: 15.10.2020].
  • Slovakia, Ministry of Health Care (ministerstvo zdravotníctva SR). (2020). Tlačová správa: Covid- 19: Zákaz návštev nemocníc, domovov sociálnych služieb. [accessed: 06.03.2020].
  • Soong-Chul, R., Zhigang, Z., Niharika, D., & Renan, C. (2021). Technology and innovation to weather the storm? - A case study of the role of technology and innovation for startup survival in Shanghai, China, Ed. Jungwoo Lee & Spring H. Han. The Future of Service Post-COVID-19 Pandemic, Singapore: Springer, Volume 1, 155-176.
  • Spear, R., Erdi, G., Parker, M., & Anastasiadis, M. (2020). Innovations in citizen response to crises: Volunteerism and social mobilization during Covid-19. A Journal for and About Social Movements. Hal Archives Ouvertes, 383-391.
  • Szabo, M. (2020). Slovakia Braces for Schools Reopening Amid Rise in Covid-19 Cases. https://kafkadesk.org/2020/08/14/slovakia-braces-for-schools-reopening-amid-rise-in- Covid-19-cases/ [Access Date: 18.12.2020].
  • Taxand (2020). Covid-19 Measures–Slovakia. https://www.taxand.com/wp- content/uploads/2020/04/COVİD_19_SLOVAKIA_31March.pdf [Access Date: 15.10.2020]. Tengler, K., Schrammel, N., & Brandhofer, G. (2020). Learning despite corona at Austrian - primary schools. Proceedings of ICERI2020 Conference. 7607-7615.
  • The World Bank (2021). Country Indicators. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD [Access Date: 02.05.2021].
  • Ticaret Bakanlığı (2020). Covid-19 Gelişmeleri. https://ticaret.gov.tr/yurtdisi- teskilati/avrupa/slovakya/ulke-profili/kovid-19-gelismeleri. [Access Date: 15.10.2020].
  • Walker, S., & Smith, H. (2020). Why has eastern europe suffered less from coronavirus than the west?, The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/05/why-has-eastern- europe-suffered-less-from-coronavirus-than-the-west [Access Date: 15.10.2020].
  • Wintle, T. (2020). Austria Declares ‘Second Wave’, Paused Vaccine Trial Resumes: Covid-19 Daily Bulletin, https://newseu.cgtn.com/news/2020-09-13/Austrian-second-wave-vaccine-trial- resumes-COVİD-19-Daily-Bulletin-TKJMwjpHry/index.html. [Access Date: 18.01.2021].
  • WHO-World Health Organization (2021a). Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Outbreak Situation. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 [Access Date: 04.09.2020].
  • WHO-World Health Organization (2021b). COVID-19 Tracking Table, https://Covid19.who.int/. [Access Date: 18.01.2021].
  • Worldometers (2021). World Population and Number Of COVID-19 Cases By Country, https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/population-by-country/ [Access Date: 21.02.2021]. 21 https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=BundesnormenandGesetzesnummer =20011073 [Access Date: 17.01.2021].
  • https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=BundesnormenandGesetzesnummer =10010265 [Access Date: 17.01.2021].
There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Oğuzhan Erdoğan

Elvettin Akman

Cenay Babaoğlu

Publication Date June 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Erdoğan, O., Akman, E., & Babaoğlu, C. (2023). The Fight Against Covid-19 in Slovakia and Austria: Lessons for and from Turkey. Pamukkale Journal of Eurasian Socioeconomic Studies, 10(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.34232/pjess.1258378
AMA Erdoğan O, Akman E, Babaoğlu C. The Fight Against Covid-19 in Slovakia and Austria: Lessons for and from Turkey. pjess. June 2023;10(1):1-20. doi:10.34232/pjess.1258378
Chicago Erdoğan, Oğuzhan, Elvettin Akman, and Cenay Babaoğlu. “The Fight Against Covid-19 in Slovakia and Austria: Lessons for and from Turkey”. Pamukkale Journal of Eurasian Socioeconomic Studies 10, no. 1 (June 2023): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.34232/pjess.1258378.
EndNote Erdoğan O, Akman E, Babaoğlu C (June 1, 2023) The Fight Against Covid-19 in Slovakia and Austria: Lessons for and from Turkey. Pamukkale Journal of Eurasian Socioeconomic Studies 10 1 1–20.
IEEE O. Erdoğan, E. Akman, and C. Babaoğlu, “The Fight Against Covid-19 in Slovakia and Austria: Lessons for and from Turkey”, pjess, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–20, 2023, doi: 10.34232/pjess.1258378.
ISNAD Erdoğan, Oğuzhan et al. “The Fight Against Covid-19 in Slovakia and Austria: Lessons for and from Turkey”. Pamukkale Journal of Eurasian Socioeconomic Studies 10/1 (June 2023), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.34232/pjess.1258378.
JAMA Erdoğan O, Akman E, Babaoğlu C. The Fight Against Covid-19 in Slovakia and Austria: Lessons for and from Turkey. pjess. 2023;10:1–20.
MLA Erdoğan, Oğuzhan et al. “The Fight Against Covid-19 in Slovakia and Austria: Lessons for and from Turkey”. Pamukkale Journal of Eurasian Socioeconomic Studies, vol. 10, no. 1, 2023, pp. 1-20, doi:10.34232/pjess.1258378.
Vancouver Erdoğan O, Akman E, Babaoğlu C. The Fight Against Covid-19 in Slovakia and Austria: Lessons for and from Turkey. pjess. 2023;10(1):1-20.