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İnsan Merkezci Batılı Çevre Etiğine Karşı Afrika Çevre Etiği: Postkolonyal Bir Eleştiri

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: Afrika, 163 - 179, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1308985

Abstract

Dünyada çevre sorunları hızla artarken, bu sorunlardan sadece gelişmiş Batılı devletler değil, Afrika gibi sömürgeciliğe maruz kalmış coğrafyalar da nasibini almıştır. Dünyayı böylesine geniş ölçüde etkileyen çevre sorunları, özünde insan ile doğa arasındaki ilişkinin nasıl olması gerektiği üzerine eğilen çevre etiğinin başlıca ilgi alanı olmuştur. Söz konusu çevre etiği ise dünyanın farklı bölgelerinden çok sayıda görüş ve yaklaşımı içerir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; Afrika çevre etiğinin insan merkezci Batılı çevre etiği yaklaşımından farkını ortaya koymaktır. Bunun için öncelikle Batılı çevre etiğinin ve daha geniş bağlamda Afrika çevre etiğinin muhtevasına, daha sonrasında ise Afrika’dan Batıya ve insan merkezci Batılı çevre etiğine yönelik eleştirilere yer verilecektir. Söz konusu eleştiriler ise bunları daha uygun ifade etme olanağı sunan postkolonyal eleştiri çerçevesinde sunulacaktır. Çalışma sonucunda; kendi içerisinde daha yerel ve toplulukçu şekillerde bir çeşitlilik ve zenginlik barındırsa da belli ortak özelliklere dayanan Afrika çevre etiğinin, Batıda egemen olan insan merkezci çevre etiğinden farklı olduğu görülmüş ve ayrıca gelecek çalışmalar için önerilerde de bulunulmuştur.

References

  • Akkoyunlu Ertan, K. (2015). Leopoldcü düşünce ve yeryüzü (toprak) etiği. Memleket Siyaset Yönetim (MSY), 10(23), 1-20.
  • Barry, P. (1995). Beginning theory: An introduction to literary and cultural theory. UK: Manchester University Press.
  • Behrens, K. (2017). The imperative of developing African eco-philosophy. I. E. Ukpokolo (ed.), Themes, issues and problems in African philosophy içinde (ss. 191-204). Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Behrens, K. G. (2012). Moral obligations towards future generations in African thought. Journal of Global Ethics, 8(2-3), 179-191.
  • Bilgin, P. (2018). Securing the postcolonial. O. U. Rutazibwa & R. Shilliam (ed.), Routledge handbook of postcolonial politics içinde (ss. 48-57). London: Routledge.
  • Casimir, A., Chukwuelobe, M. & Nwankwo, A. (2013). Pyschologizing philosophy and philosophizing environmentalism: Seeking for a sustainable human values framework for Africa in the 21st century. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 1(6), 50-61.
  • Chemhuru, M. & Masaka, D. (2010). Taboos as sources of Shona People’s environmental ethics. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 12(7), 121-133.
  • Des Jardins, J. R. (2006). Çevre etiği: çevre felsefesine giriş. (Ruşen Keleş, Çev.) Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Ekwealo, C. (2017). Ndu Mmili Ndu Azu: An introduction to African environmental ethics. Lagos: Redcom.
  • Etieyibo, E. (2017). Anthropocentrism, African metaphysical worldview, and animal practices: A reply to Kai Horsthemke. Journal of Animal Ethics, 7(2), 145-162.
  • Fırat, A. S. (2003). Çevre etiği kavramı üzerine yeniden düşünmek. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 58(3), 105-144.
  • Francis, D. A. I. (2016). Logical and theoretical fondations of African environmental ethics. Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, 9(9), 3-24.
  • Gbadegesin, O. (1994). Ujamaa: Julius Nyerere on the meaning of human existence. Ultimate Reality and Meaning, 17(1), 50-69.
  • Horsthemke, K. (2017). Animals and African ethics. Journal of Animal Ethics, 7(2), 119-144.
  • Hourdequin, M. (2021). Environmental ethics: The state of the question. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 59(3), 270-308.
  • Ibanga, D. A. (2017). Introduction. C. Ekwealo & D. A. Ibanga (ed.), Ndu Mmili Ndu Azu: An introduction to African environmental ethics içinde (ss. vii-xi). Lagos: Redcom.
  • Ifeakor, C. S. (2017). Is African environmental ethics anthropocentric? Preorcjah, 2(1), 72-91.
  • Ifeakor, C. S. & Otteh, A. (2017). African environmental ethics: A non-anthropocentric African environmentalism - the journal so far. IGWEBUIKE: An African Journal of Arts and Humanities, 3(6), 67-97.
  • Ikeke, M. O. (2015a). The ecological crisis and the principle of relationality in African philosophy. Philosophy Study, 5(4), 179-186.
  • Ikeke, M. O. (2015b). Ukama as an African environmental ethics. International Journal of Theology and Reformed Tradition, 7, 202-211.
  • Ikeke, M. O. (2018). Ecophilosophy and African traditional ecological knowledge. Idea, 30(1), 228-240.
  • Ikuenobe, P. A. (2014). Traditional African environmental ethics and colonial legacy. International Journal of Philosophy and Theology, 2(4), 1-21.
  • Jenni, K. (2005). Western environmental ethics: An overview. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 32(1), 1-17.
  • Kaya, İ. (2018). A postcolonial reading on Eurocentrism, otherization and orientalist discourse in sociological thought and its criticism. ULUM, 1(1), 163-188.
  • Kelbessa, W. (2015). African environmental ethics, indigenous knowledge, and environmental challenges. Environmental Ethics, 37(4), 387-410.
  • Kılıç, S. (2008). Çevre etiği: Ortaya çıkışı, gelişimi ve sonuçları. Ankara: Orion Kitabevi.
  • Le Grange, L. (2012). Ubuntu, Ukama, environment and moral education. Journal of Moral Education, 41(3), 329-340.
  • Mangena, F. (2013). Discerning moral status in the African environment. Phronimon, 14(2), 25-44.
  • Maxwell, A. (2009). Postcolonial criticism, ecocriticism and climate change: A tale of Melbourne under water in 2035. Journal of Postcolonial Writing, 45(1), 15-26.
  • Metz, T. (2012). An African theory of moral status: A relational alternative to individualism and holism. Ethic Theory Moral Prac, 15, 387-402.
  • Murove, M. F. (2005). African bioethics: An explanatory discourse. Journal for the Study of Religion, 18(1), 16-36.
  • Ogar, J. N. (2019). Ethical implication of environmental crises on African societies: A challange to future humanity. International Journal of Pollution & Environmental Modelling, 2(3), 109-115.
  • Ogar, J. N. & Bassey, S. A. (2019). African environmental ethics. RAIS Journal for Social Sciences, 3(1), 71-81.
  • Ogungbemi, S. (1997). An African perspective on the environmental crisis. L. J. Pojman (ed.), Environmental ethics: Readings in theory and application içinde (ss. 330-337). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 330-337.
  • Ojomo, P. A. (2011). Environmental ethics: An African understanding. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(8), 572-578.
  • Okpe, T. A. & Oti, F. A. (2019). Towards an African philosophy of environment. International Journal of Environmental Pollution & Environmental Modelling, 2(3), 105-108.
  • Okpoko, M. O. (2022). ‘Interconnectedness with nature’: The imperative for an African-centered eco-philosophy in forest resource conservation in Nigeria. Ethics, Policy & Environment, 25(1), 21-36.
  • Olanya, D. R. (2013). African environmental values and climatic change. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(4), 115-128.
  • Ponting, C. (2012). Dünyanın yeşil tarihi. (A. B. Sander, Çev.) İstanbul: Sabancı Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Prakash, G. (1992). Postcolonial criticism and Indian historiography. Social Text, Third World and Post-Colonial Issues, 31/32, 8-19.
  • Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. London: Routledge.
  • Sanni, J. S. (2021). Ubuntu and the ontology of radical escape. THEORIA, 87, 1083-1098.
  • Şahin, Y. (2013). Kentleşme politikası. 4. Baskı, Bursa: Ekin Yayınevi. Tangwa, G. B. (1996). Bioethics: An African perspective. Bioethics, 10(3), 183-200.
  • Tangwa, G. B. (2004). Some African reflections on biomedical and environmental ethics. K. Wiredu (ed.), A companion to African philosophy içinde (ss. 387-395). UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
  • Tosam, M. J. (2019). African environmental ethics and sustainable development. Open Journal of Philosophy, 9(2), 172-192.
  • Ugwuanyi, L. O. (2011). Advancing environmental ethics through the African world-view. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2(4): 107–114.
  • Van Jaarsveld, J. (2020). Nussbaum’s capability approach and African environmental ethics: Is the African voice heard? Oxford Development Studies, 48(2), 135-147.
  • Waters, J. W. (2021). Toward an ecocentric christian ecology: An interreligious case study in indigenous and christian eco-activism. Journal of Religious Ethics, 49(4), 768-792.

African Environmental Ethics Against Anthropocentric Western Environmental Ethics: A Postcolonial Criticism

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: Afrika, 163 - 179, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1308985

Abstract

While environmental problems are increasing rapidly in the world, these problems have effected not only developed Western states but also geographies exposed to colonialism such as Africa. Environmental problems, which affect the world so widely, have been the main area of interest of environmental ethics, which essentially focuses on how the relationship between human and nature should be. The environmental ethics in question includes many views and approaches from different parts of the world. The aim of this study is to reveal the difference of African environmental ethics from the anthropocentric Western environmental ethics approach. For this, it will be uncluded, first of all, the content of Western and African environmental ethics, and then the criticisms of Africa to anthropocentric Western environmental ethics. These criticisms will be presented within the framework of postcolonial criticism, which offers the opportunity to express them more appropriately. In the results of study; it has been seen that African environmental ethics, which is based on certain common features despite the diversity in, is different from the anthropocentric environmental ethics prevailing in the West, and also suggestions for future studies have been made.

References

  • Akkoyunlu Ertan, K. (2015). Leopoldcü düşünce ve yeryüzü (toprak) etiği. Memleket Siyaset Yönetim (MSY), 10(23), 1-20.
  • Barry, P. (1995). Beginning theory: An introduction to literary and cultural theory. UK: Manchester University Press.
  • Behrens, K. (2017). The imperative of developing African eco-philosophy. I. E. Ukpokolo (ed.), Themes, issues and problems in African philosophy içinde (ss. 191-204). Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Behrens, K. G. (2012). Moral obligations towards future generations in African thought. Journal of Global Ethics, 8(2-3), 179-191.
  • Bilgin, P. (2018). Securing the postcolonial. O. U. Rutazibwa & R. Shilliam (ed.), Routledge handbook of postcolonial politics içinde (ss. 48-57). London: Routledge.
  • Casimir, A., Chukwuelobe, M. & Nwankwo, A. (2013). Pyschologizing philosophy and philosophizing environmentalism: Seeking for a sustainable human values framework for Africa in the 21st century. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 1(6), 50-61.
  • Chemhuru, M. & Masaka, D. (2010). Taboos as sources of Shona People’s environmental ethics. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 12(7), 121-133.
  • Des Jardins, J. R. (2006). Çevre etiği: çevre felsefesine giriş. (Ruşen Keleş, Çev.) Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Ekwealo, C. (2017). Ndu Mmili Ndu Azu: An introduction to African environmental ethics. Lagos: Redcom.
  • Etieyibo, E. (2017). Anthropocentrism, African metaphysical worldview, and animal practices: A reply to Kai Horsthemke. Journal of Animal Ethics, 7(2), 145-162.
  • Fırat, A. S. (2003). Çevre etiği kavramı üzerine yeniden düşünmek. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 58(3), 105-144.
  • Francis, D. A. I. (2016). Logical and theoretical fondations of African environmental ethics. Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies, 9(9), 3-24.
  • Gbadegesin, O. (1994). Ujamaa: Julius Nyerere on the meaning of human existence. Ultimate Reality and Meaning, 17(1), 50-69.
  • Horsthemke, K. (2017). Animals and African ethics. Journal of Animal Ethics, 7(2), 119-144.
  • Hourdequin, M. (2021). Environmental ethics: The state of the question. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 59(3), 270-308.
  • Ibanga, D. A. (2017). Introduction. C. Ekwealo & D. A. Ibanga (ed.), Ndu Mmili Ndu Azu: An introduction to African environmental ethics içinde (ss. vii-xi). Lagos: Redcom.
  • Ifeakor, C. S. (2017). Is African environmental ethics anthropocentric? Preorcjah, 2(1), 72-91.
  • Ifeakor, C. S. & Otteh, A. (2017). African environmental ethics: A non-anthropocentric African environmentalism - the journal so far. IGWEBUIKE: An African Journal of Arts and Humanities, 3(6), 67-97.
  • Ikeke, M. O. (2015a). The ecological crisis and the principle of relationality in African philosophy. Philosophy Study, 5(4), 179-186.
  • Ikeke, M. O. (2015b). Ukama as an African environmental ethics. International Journal of Theology and Reformed Tradition, 7, 202-211.
  • Ikeke, M. O. (2018). Ecophilosophy and African traditional ecological knowledge. Idea, 30(1), 228-240.
  • Ikuenobe, P. A. (2014). Traditional African environmental ethics and colonial legacy. International Journal of Philosophy and Theology, 2(4), 1-21.
  • Jenni, K. (2005). Western environmental ethics: An overview. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 32(1), 1-17.
  • Kaya, İ. (2018). A postcolonial reading on Eurocentrism, otherization and orientalist discourse in sociological thought and its criticism. ULUM, 1(1), 163-188.
  • Kelbessa, W. (2015). African environmental ethics, indigenous knowledge, and environmental challenges. Environmental Ethics, 37(4), 387-410.
  • Kılıç, S. (2008). Çevre etiği: Ortaya çıkışı, gelişimi ve sonuçları. Ankara: Orion Kitabevi.
  • Le Grange, L. (2012). Ubuntu, Ukama, environment and moral education. Journal of Moral Education, 41(3), 329-340.
  • Mangena, F. (2013). Discerning moral status in the African environment. Phronimon, 14(2), 25-44.
  • Maxwell, A. (2009). Postcolonial criticism, ecocriticism and climate change: A tale of Melbourne under water in 2035. Journal of Postcolonial Writing, 45(1), 15-26.
  • Metz, T. (2012). An African theory of moral status: A relational alternative to individualism and holism. Ethic Theory Moral Prac, 15, 387-402.
  • Murove, M. F. (2005). African bioethics: An explanatory discourse. Journal for the Study of Religion, 18(1), 16-36.
  • Ogar, J. N. (2019). Ethical implication of environmental crises on African societies: A challange to future humanity. International Journal of Pollution & Environmental Modelling, 2(3), 109-115.
  • Ogar, J. N. & Bassey, S. A. (2019). African environmental ethics. RAIS Journal for Social Sciences, 3(1), 71-81.
  • Ogungbemi, S. (1997). An African perspective on the environmental crisis. L. J. Pojman (ed.), Environmental ethics: Readings in theory and application içinde (ss. 330-337). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 330-337.
  • Ojomo, P. A. (2011). Environmental ethics: An African understanding. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5(8), 572-578.
  • Okpe, T. A. & Oti, F. A. (2019). Towards an African philosophy of environment. International Journal of Environmental Pollution & Environmental Modelling, 2(3), 105-108.
  • Okpoko, M. O. (2022). ‘Interconnectedness with nature’: The imperative for an African-centered eco-philosophy in forest resource conservation in Nigeria. Ethics, Policy & Environment, 25(1), 21-36.
  • Olanya, D. R. (2013). African environmental values and climatic change. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(4), 115-128.
  • Ponting, C. (2012). Dünyanın yeşil tarihi. (A. B. Sander, Çev.) İstanbul: Sabancı Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Prakash, G. (1992). Postcolonial criticism and Indian historiography. Social Text, Third World and Post-Colonial Issues, 31/32, 8-19.
  • Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. London: Routledge.
  • Sanni, J. S. (2021). Ubuntu and the ontology of radical escape. THEORIA, 87, 1083-1098.
  • Şahin, Y. (2013). Kentleşme politikası. 4. Baskı, Bursa: Ekin Yayınevi. Tangwa, G. B. (1996). Bioethics: An African perspective. Bioethics, 10(3), 183-200.
  • Tangwa, G. B. (2004). Some African reflections on biomedical and environmental ethics. K. Wiredu (ed.), A companion to African philosophy içinde (ss. 387-395). UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
  • Tosam, M. J. (2019). African environmental ethics and sustainable development. Open Journal of Philosophy, 9(2), 172-192.
  • Ugwuanyi, L. O. (2011). Advancing environmental ethics through the African world-view. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2(4): 107–114.
  • Van Jaarsveld, J. (2020). Nussbaum’s capability approach and African environmental ethics: Is the African voice heard? Oxford Development Studies, 48(2), 135-147.
  • Waters, J. W. (2021). Toward an ecocentric christian ecology: An interreligious case study in indigenous and christian eco-activism. Journal of Religious Ethics, 49(4), 768-792.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Öztürk 0000-0003-3556-9216

Yusuf Şahin 0000-0002-7744-7113

Early Pub Date September 29, 2023
Publication Date September 30, 2023
Acceptance Date September 19, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 11 Issue: Afrika

Cite

APA Öztürk, M., & Şahin, Y. (2023). İnsan Merkezci Batılı Çevre Etiğine Karşı Afrika Çevre Etiği: Postkolonyal Bir Eleştiri. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(Afrika), 163-179. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1308985

Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.